Importance of international tourism services in the world market
Importance
of international tourism services in the world market
A specific feature of services as a
commodity is that it has no real form, and acts as a result of a certain
activity.the market for goods, capital, labor, and there is a world market for
services. Market services are varied and fall into separate narrow markets:
factoring, transportation, tourism, banking, brokering, etc. In the field of
services taken by 40% of foreign direct investment in the world economy.
In the second half of XX - beginning of XXI
century. a rapid growth of services, because in countries with developed market
economies the high degree of maturity of the economy and high standard of
living people. These factors, as the
experience of developed countries, and are the reasons for the growth in demand
for services.the gross domestic product of developed market economies services
accounted for 70%, in our country more than 50 %, the number of workers employed
in this sector , respectively, 80% and 50 %.
The structure of the U.S. economy differs
pronounced postindustrial. Most of the U.S. GDP (79.4 % in 2004) is created in
the service industries, which include, above all, education, health, science,
finance, trade and a variety of professional and personal services , transport
and communications , government services . The
share of material production (agriculture, forestry and fishing industry,
mining and manufacturing, construction), thus remains 20.6 % of GDP. In
agriculture creates about 0.9 % of GDP, while industry accounts for less than
20 % of GDP. [1]services, unlike goods , are produced and consumed at the same
time and do not require storage as well as the majority of services based on an
immediate direct contact between their producers and consumers (except for
services provided through the Internet and computer technology ) .in services
is closely related to trade in goods, especially the Internet and computer
technology and enhances the sale of these goods.is better protected by the
state from foreign competition. And services such as finance and insurance,
transportation, communications, science, education and medicine in many
countries the public sector realized a significant extent. These services are
directly related to tourism and support it. The higher the level of development
of medicine, insurance, and communications - the easier it is to organize
international travel services.all services can be widely used in the
international market, such as utilities, household; but their presence in a
particular country can attract foreigners - medicine, education, culture,
sports, etc.
Still can not be considered a perfect
classification of services and statistics about it . International statistics
in accordance with the classification of the International Monetary Fund
allocates only four types of services: freight - 10-12%; the remaining 16-17%
of transport services ; Tourism - 28-29 % ; other services - 43-44 %. From
these statistics, it follows that the market for international travel services
covers almost a third of the total. If you trace the dynamics of this market,
we can conclude that this market is growing every year.the share of other
services - banking, insurance, mediation, stock, computer - is growing.
According to the International Monetary Fund all kinds of services in 2012 has
reached 8500 billion (Export and Import), of which 2,056 billion dollars in
2012 was the share of international tourism services. [7]are growing almost
twice as fast as the foreign trade turnover, while the share of services
exports in merchandise exports in the global economy is more 30%.of services is
very uneven in the world economy. The ten leading countries accounted for two
treti51 % of world exports of services and at the same time, 47.7% of imports
of services in these countries, and in the U.S., UK, Germany and France
accounted for 31 % of total world exports of services. [5], CIS countries have
large reserves potential for development of tourism services, but export growth
interferes with the weak material and technical base of this sphere of
activity.main form of supply of services abroad is to open branches there, for
example, U.S. multinationals produce abroad services in an amount which is
twice more than the total services exports from the United States. Particularly
active in developing services in knowledge-intensive industries: computers,
consumer electronics, etc.share of developing countries in the provision of
services and some of them have become exporters in South Korea - in the field
of engineering consulting and construction services; Mexico - tourism ;
Singapore, Hong Kong - financial .
In Ukraine there are opportunities for growth
based on the development of services, tourism, transport.
But it is necessary to take into
account competition from Western Europe. Quoting services - all while
significantly hampers the country's ability.this regard, there is a need for
international regulation of trade in services.first regulator - bilateral
agreements such as industry (transport, communications), and trade and
economic.
Second regulator - multilateral regulation in
integration associations. For example, the
removal of some restrictions in the EU to reduce the prices for services from 4
to 21 %.
Third regulator - is the basis of international
organizations. Usually this specialized intergovernmental organizations such
as: International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO); IMO - International
Maritime Organization; World Tourism Organization UNWTO; international trade
and economic organizations generalist: UNSTAD - United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development. This is the main
organization, and generally engaged in international trade in services more
than 40 international organizations. [2]on foreign tourism - is an activity
aimed at providing various types of travel services and products to meet the
tourist demand a wide range of cultural and spiritual needs of foreign tourists
.
International tourism as a form of foreign
economic activity has grown tremendously and has become a significant influence
on the political, economic and cultural ties between the two countries . The
largest contribution to international trade in services makes tourism., the
tourism industry is one of the fastest growing forms of services in the global
economy. According to the World Tourism Organization in 2000 in the world were
more than 677 million tourists. At the same time, in 2013 the number of tourists
increased to 1.087 billion people. International tourism contributes 7% of
total world exports, behind the oil industry and the automotive industry, whose
share in this index is 11 and 8.6 %, respectively. At the heart of
international tourism development based on the following factors:
Expansion of business trips and
trips with cognitive goals through economic growth and social progress;
Travel cheaper by improving all
types of transport;
Increase in the number of wage
workers and employees in the developed countries and increase their material
and cultural level;
Intensification of work and
receiving workers more vacations;
The development of bilateral and
cultural exchanges between the two countries;
Development of the sphere of
transport and technological progress in the field of telecommunications;
Easing of restrictions on the export
of currency in many countries and simplification of border formalities.
International tourism in the world developed
very unevenly, which is primarily due to the different levels of socio-
economic development of individual countries and regions. The greatest
development of international tourism has in Western European countries. The
share of this region accounts for over 52 % of the world tourism market.
Approximately 23% is in Asia and Oceania, 16% - on America, about 10% - on
Africa and the Middle East together. [4 ]the
tourism industry means the totality of production, transport and trade
enterprises, producing and selling goods and services travel tourist
demand.Tourism Organization , in its classification identifies countries that
are mainly suppliers of tourists - the U.S., UK, Germany , France, China and
the countries receiving tourists - Australia, Greece , Cyprus, Italy , Spain,
Mexico , Turkey , Portugal , France , Switzerland. remains
a leader in the competitive global tourism., the level of tourism which is
regarded as the highest is Switzerland, and it is not simply this: the country
has some of the best hotels in the world, a skilled labor force. And also attracts
its visitors beautiful scenery, ecology, safety. In addition, the country is
constantly tested various fairs and exhibitions, so it is in this country are
often planned business trip.
In second place in Europe after Switzerland is
Germany. It is ranked 6th in terms of development of tourist infrastructure,
fifth place for heritage and 2nd in terms of volume and nature of international
fairs and exhibitions. (For the year of
over 600). international
tourism servicehigh marks Austria and Italy
(In terms of infrastructure development, they tied for first place), In
addition, the country ranks 7th in terms of safety of tourists and third place
in the ecology.
The top 10 best countries for international
tourism and entered Spain. (that it held the
palm for many years) . It is on the first place for heritage and the third for
fairs and exhibitions. In addition, Spain is considered in 2013 one of the
countries with a fairly calm political situation that drove it on this
indicator on the 8th place.
First, significantly increased the
number of retail firms offering travel services and travel agents are often
deprived of the legal and economic independence., the changed nature of the
tourist wholesale companies that have become tour operators offering a full
range of services in the form of inclusive tours.
Thirdly, there were large corporations, based on
equity of transport, trade , insurance companies and banks engaged in
transactions on presentation of travel services to customers .of the above
categories of firms differ from each other in function and nature of the
activities .agency - is retail firms that act as intermediaries between tour
operators and servicing enterprises , on the one hand, and customers - tourists
, on the other . Travel agent or organized tours offered by tour operators or
engaged in the provision of certain types of individual travelers or groups of
individuals , by establishing links with transport companies , hotel companies
, tour desk . Sale of tours provided at prices set by tour operators and
specified in their prospectuses . For the implementation of inclusive tours
travel agent get a certain commission from tour operators (pic. 1) .types of
services is carried out at prices determined by their manufacturers, and for
additional services travel agent can set specific margins to retail prices of
the manufacturer. Most travel agencies located in
the sphere of influence of the major tourist wholesale companies, airline
companies, hotel companies and trading firms.
Tour operating company - is primarily a wholesale
company, acting as intermediaries between companies and travel agencies tourism
industry. They realize tours on their own behalf or through a travel agent
directly to customers. During the travel tour operators establish relationships
with businesses accommodation, catering, transport, cultural and educational
institutions, and a tour desk. Often tour operators on the basis of long-term
lease contracts hotels and other accommodation facilities, airplanes, buses,
providing maximum load and give significant discounts (pic. 1) .
Constitute the basis of tourism
firms organizing trips and selling vouchers and tours , as well as firms that
organize the movement of tourists , providing them with housing , information
and other services. Tourism enterprises work culture,
trade, sports (pic. 1).
pic. 1. Basic steps for the
organization of tourist services
Legend: 1 - asking tourists
opportunities for implementation of tourist trips and buying rounds; 2 - 1 for
the treatment of essential tour ; 3 - direction required tours travel agency ;
4 - Order the required number of beds in hotels , transportation , restaurants
, etc.; 5 - tourists visiting tourist facilities and service . Corporation -
are large enterprises that combine participation by a wide range of companies
representing various kinds of tourist services. They pretty much cornered the
market and become a powerful cross-sectorial production and business systems,
including enterprise wide variety of industries, serving the tourist trade ,
transport , banking, insurance and other companies selling tours through an
extensive network of tour operators and travel agencies in different countries.
Equipped with the latest automated systems of
control and communication allows them to quickly learn and meet the needs of
tourists. Most successful companies have achieved similar in countries with
developed economies. In France, for example, the share of the 13 largest
corporate travel accounts for 50 % sold tours in Germany three largest travel
corporation TUI, Nekkerman ITS and concentrated at 70 % of the market.
Along with the large corporations
now have been widely developed accommodation facilities that provide services
to tourists not only by their placement, but also a wide range of other
services, such as meals at the restaurant of the hotel, providing rooms for
meetings, purchase tickets for transportation, call taxis, excursions,
banquets, trade.
The largest hotel complexes are combined using
automated control systems and distribution of hotel stock in the so -called
" chain " ' that allows you to quickly and accurately account for
each individual transaction and with minimal time to make the hotel reservation
, transportation, without delay, give the whole settlement and documentation
make payments . In total , there are about a hundred of these hotel chains .
Leading from them - Holiday Inn, Sharaton, Hilton.feature of the present stage
of development of international tourism and changes in its organizational forms
is the penetration in the tourist transport business, shopping, banking,
industry, insurance companies. Transport companies offer both individual
services and self-developed tours based hotel base. Such firms are organizing
service based business relationships with hotel and other businesses under the
usual conditions of the tour operator. Trading firms have been actively engaged
in the implementation of tourism services around since the early 70s . This
applies mainly to large retail concerns and trade costs firms. Department
stores began to calculate prices for tours to calculate only the minimum profit
that was possible due to the immense capital trading firms. This approach has
allowed traders firmly on the international tourism market.
Industrial firms, representing primarily the
industry, serving the tourist business, began to acquire and include in their
structure travel companies. Rapidly increased penetration of banks and
insurance companies in the sphere of international tourism through the
acquisition of all or part of the controlling shareholder. Gift cards issued by
banks, unlike credit and debit plastic that are legal tender , are not intended
to pay , but give their holders the right to a wide variety of discounts . In
the world there are several global systems discount cards.
On the world market relatively recently, a new
type of tourist accommodation - timeshare. This
is not a sale of real estate and not the standard hotel accommodations, but
something in between - ownership, limited use of time. Per
unit of time is taken one week.industry has been steadily growing since the
early seventies. With the popularity of
timeshares and varied industry itself . If the formative years , it attracted
mostly small businesses , now it involved corporations such as "Hilton",
"Marriott", "Disney", "Sheraton",
"Barratt" "Vamli" Currently timeshare is one of the fastest
growing industries in the leisure industry . Currently timeshare is one of the
fastest growing industries in the leisure industry. It is considered the most
modern technology in the field between tourism and real estate. [6]of
international tourist operations implies a certain relationship between
tourists - consumers of tourist services and travel companies - their producers
and distributors , as well as past relationships with various organizations (
banks , transport and insurance companies , etc.) , providing a response to
this kind of international services.
That interpretation of the concept - "
foreign tourist " - means any person visiting another country for any
purpose other than professional activity remunerated in the country. Usually
people who have come for a tour, rest, medical treatment, sports activities, to
relatives, with business and scientific purposes.growing business tourism.
Tourism growth due to higher living standards of people in many countries, the
development of infrastructure (transport, hotels) , increasing trend towards
economic and cultural rapprochement of the countries and peoples.
Many countries, especially small
ones, are actively connected to other tourism -related industries with service
people.greatest number of tourist trips in the world takes place between
developed countries with market economies. In Western Europe, about 20 tourist
wholesale companies are holding 80% of the sale of tours. [3]tourist services -
is an activity aimed at providing the conditions necessary for the
implementation of operations on foreign tourism.tourism services , which are
very diverse, include: movement of tourists to the destination country and
different modes of transport ; tourist accommodation ; providing tourists feed;
meet the cultural needs of tourists ; satisfaction research interests tourists
- participation in congresses, symposia , conferences ; satisfaction with the
business interests of tourists - participation in trade fairs, exhibitions ,
talks , etc. ; sale of souvenirs , gifts, greeting cards , albums, slides );
paperwork , passports, visas , etc.can either be provided certain services of
their choice, either a complete set of services - inclusive tours.tour
includes:
A set of services for accommodation
, transport, food tourist and excursion services , as well as guide service and
other amenities depending on the purpose of travel ;
Tourist trip on a specific route
within a specific timeframe, to ensure comprehensive services in the areas of
housing, travel, health and cultural services;
The primary unit of the tourism
product for sale, realized as a whole, the product of labor tour.information
about the tour , as a rule, shall include: the name and details of tour
operators and travel agents , tourist information ; country ( tourist center )
to which a tourist ; means of transport ; conditions of supply and tourist
accommodation ; start and end date of the tour ; stay program in the afternoons
; Passport and visa formalities ; medical insurance ; minimum acceptable number
of tour participants ; maximum possible time of cancellation of the tour ;
retail price of the tour ; compensation for non-compliance with the terms and
conditions of the program of stay of tourists .this gives a complete
description and additional information, provided in the form of brochures,
catalogs, brochures, leaflets, posters, price lists.main activities include the
following stages:
Aviation - a journey organized
tourists developed routes using air transport;
Bus - a journey organized tourist
groups on developed routes with buses;
Railway - a journey organized
tourist railway transport;
Combined - a journey using two or
more modes of transport. [3]definite place in the international
exchange of education plays. Most often there is an interaction between
students, teachers, scientists of high school. The exchange of experience,
information , teachers, researchers, graduate students , and students ; conduct
joint research.the beginning of the XXI century. outside their countries
enrolled more than 1 million students, two-thirds of that number - students
from developing countries and Eastern Europe. More than 350 thousand foreign
students studying in the United States , Britain, West Germany . In
universities and institutes of Ukraine also trained thousands of foreign
students. In the international exchange involving health , physical education
and sports. Services are provided mainly on a commercial basis. In this
practice, the creation of a network of clinics leading medical companies in
different countries.tourism is closely linked to the export of services for
conducting various cultural events : art exhibitions , performance ensembles ,
actors on tour ; sale of films , cassettes and LPs with video and music
recordings .largest exporters of films: United States, France, Italy , Russia,
Britain , Germany, Japan, India , Hong Kong.
Wide variety of forms, functions,
types of international tourism services can characterize and classify using the
classification of events from the international tourism.tourism, taking into
account the various features can be classified as follows:
In the form of tourism - individual,
group, family;
In function of tourism - the
recovery, developing, and entertainment;
For the purpose of travel - resort,
scientific, business;
- The method of - organized, disorganized, [ 3]
- The content of the tour - overview
(multidimensional); History , including : Local History , archaeological,
ethnographic , historic military ; production , including production and
historical, production , technical, production orientation , architectural and
urban planning ; literature , including literary and biographical , historical
and literary , literary ;
- The composition of participants excursions -
for incoming tourists, adult audience, children, urban and rural population,
organized groups of single users;
- The place of the tour - city,
country, museum;
- The shape of the event - extras (participants
simultaneously move along the route 10 - 20 buses) , walk , lecture,
performance ;
- According to the method of
transportation - pedestrian, traffic.foreign tourism development in Ukraine
are: poor quality of service in catering and hotels , the lack of hotel rooms
and comfortable transport, unpreparedness of many objects to demonstrate their
foreign visitors , the weak development of tourism by showing national customs
and way of life.
At present, the tourism companies the task of
recovery and create the service sector foreign tourists. The
most promising tourism databases should be considered historical monuments of
Kiev, Lviv, health centers in Carpathian and Crimea.
Sources
1
. http:// www.ru.wikipedia.org/ « U.S. GDP"
2
. http://www.wto.org/
.
http://www2.unwto.org/
4
. “2013 International Tourism Results and Prospects for 2014 UNWTO”
.
“Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2012
WTO”
6.
E.F. Prokushev - “Foreign economic activity” , 2007
.
E. Byrkova “I\nternational tourism market : the main trends in 2013“