How Many Physical Constants are Truly Fundamental?
Internal Structure of a Proton and New Method of Receiving
of Energy
Dr. N.V. Kosinov, V. I. Garbaruk
INTRODUCTION
The proton was discovered in the early 20-th. in
experiments with alpha-particles. In experiments on dispersion on protons of
electrons and gamma - radiation the authentic proofs of existence of a certain
internal structure from this particle were received. In 1970, it became
possible to receive the direct proof in experiment in the Stanford centre of
the linear accelerator (SLAC), that the proton really has internal structure
[1]. However, the concrete internal structure of a proton remains unopeneded up.
The hypothesis of quark as fundamental basis of elementary particles, has not
resulted in an establishment of concrete internal structure of a proton. As it
is marked in [1]: "Quark model was offered for an explanation of
variety of adrons. It is nothing telling about an internal structure any of
these particles by an obvious image " Till Now there is no
understanding, on what principles the mechanism of formation of structure of a
proton is constructed. On this reason there is no explanation of its mass, which
is equal to 1836,1526675 (39) masses of electrons. Mass of a proton is
determined experimentally. There are no the theory of mass of a proton and
analytical relation for Яalculation of its mass. >From all heavy particles
the proton is a single steady particle. The proton is a basis of all complex
material formations of the Universe. The world is obliged by existence to a
proton, however level of knowledge about it does not correspond to its role in
universe. To puzzle out such Яonundrum of problems, it is necessary to open
concrete internal structure and to create the theory of its internal structure.
The physicists have already come closely to such problem, when it is necessary
to give the answer to a question: ? what concrete internal structure of particles
is, as also what the Nature for them used as a building material? ¦ There
are all reasons to believe, that the theory of internal structure of a proton
will open access to new methods of receiving of energy. The development of
energy of a proton can become the major factor in the decision of a power
problem. This article is devoted to the decision of this task.
INTERNAL STRUCTURE of a PROTON
In articles [2 -5] the steps in a direction of
creation of the theory of internal structure of elementary particles are
undertaken. The relation reflecting the law of formation of structure of an
elementary particle is received:
(1)
Where: n = 2,3...; me - mass of a electron ; j =
1 for neutral particles; j = 0 for particles having a charge.
From the formula it is visible, that the law of
genesis of structure of substance has binary character. Binarity is being kept
on each step of structurization of material. Binarity in the laws of genesis of
structure reflects, that the charging conjugate particles participate in
formation of other particles. The formula reflects dynamics of genesis of
structure, according to which a formation of structure of material particles is
taking place.
The relations for energies are described by the
following mathematical formulas [2 - 5]:
(2)
(3)
The formula (2) is applicable for definition of
energy of neutral particles, the formula (3) is applicable for definition of
energy of charged particles. Each of formulas (2) and (3) reflects the certain
discrete series of power levels, at their correspondence to sequence of
material formations in dynamics of genesis of structure. Formulas (2) and (3)
show that the energy participating in formation of particles is divided into
two components. The first component represents total rest energy of material
formations participating in formation of a new particle. So, for neutral
material formations, it is presented as:
(4)
The second component is presented by summands,
which determine size of binding energy:
(5)
The relations (2) and (3) reflect discrete character
of internal energy of elementary particles.
In [5] it is shown, that the internal structure
of a proton represents fractal construction.
Fractal, revealed in structure of elementary
particles, reflects the determinate process of genesis of structure. For
fractal of a proton the alternation of symmetric and asymmetric branches of
treelike structure is characteristic. The discovering of a concrete kind of
fractal, reflecting law of genesis of structure of a proton, allows to receive
the quantitative characteristics of elementary particles by a Яalculated way.
In [5] the quantitative characteristics of fractal structures of elementary
particles are received and the mathematical description of fractal of a proton
is found. The mathematical relation for an elementary cell of fractal of a
proton is presented as:
On the bases of the formula for an elementary
cell of fractal the generalized mathematical relation describing completed
fractal designs of internal structure of elementary particles is received. This
mathematical relation is presented as:
,
Where: k = 0 for nucleuses, k = 1 for atoms, k = -1 for
neutral particles.
From an above mentioned relation, at n = 11, we
receive the formula describing fractal of a proton:
The formula for fractal of hydrogen will look
like:
.
Considering law of genesis of structure of a
proton, it is visible to see reflection of self-similarity in its internal
structure on various steps of genesis of structure. On each step of formation
of structure of a particle the uniform algorithm of shape formation, resulting
in original topology of a proton is traced. Fractal of a proton is described by
the following topological formula [2]:
Pp
=2(2(2(2(2(2(2(2(2(2+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1
(7)
The graphic image of the topological formula of
a proton represents treelike fractal design. The process of formation of a proton
is realized as a result of the consecutive acts of energy saturation of vacuum
[2, 3, 4]. The internal structure of a proton is formed by system of
consecutive enclosures based on uniform algorithm. On each step of genesis of
structure of a proton the fractal substructure repeats fractal of the previous
step of structurization. The research of fractal of a proton shows that the
internal structure of a proton has brightly expressed quantization and
hierarchy structure. In this hierarchy each subsystem is created on the same
image: each bigger part of structure in accuracy repeats a smaller part of
structure. Thus spatial arrangement at formation of internal structure of a
proton is displaied. According to the formulas (4), (6), (7) there is a
hierarchical discrete series of internal levels of energy of a proton.
Proceeding from the law of preservation of energy, it is visible, that for
internal structure of a proton the hierarchy of characteristic frequencies is
taking place. As a result, spatial arrangement exists alongside with temporary
arrangement. For internal structure of a proton each part of the higher order
is constructed by means of unification of two structures of the lower order.
It results in the special grid of characteristic
of internal frequencies being created by a principle of DOUBLING of the period.
It is demonstrated by the topological formula of
a proton (7). Recursive algorithm is applicable for discribing of dynamics of
genesis of structure of a proton and topological formula of a proton in
language of algorithms [9]. Recurcity is copying small in large and large in
small, keeping a uniform principle of construction of structure of a proton.
The formulas of genesis of structure of elementary particles and topological
formula of a proton have allowed to receive by theoretical calculation a
fundamental constant mp/me, that specifies experimental confirmation of the
theory [5, 7, 8, 10].
Besides of, these formulas have allowed to find
the mechanism crucial for steadiness of a proton, that opens new methods of
receiving of energy. It will be shown below.
ENERGY OF VACUUM AND ENERGY OF A PROTON
In the quantum theory is proved, that the
minimal possible energy of oscillator cannot be less than 0.5hl (6). These
halves at a wide range of waves give very high level of energy of vacuum. It,
so-called, zero - point energy of electromagnetic fluctuations. Experimentally
energy of vacuum is observed in Lemba-Ryzerford effect and in Kazimir effect.
Density of energy of vacuum is defined by relation (6) :
,
where: h -Planck`s constant, a - coefficient, h - frequency
.
From here follows, that the energy of vacuum can
be very large. According to R. Feynman and G. Whiller, the energy potential of
vacuum is so huge, that " in vacuum enclosed in volume of an ordinary
electrical bulb, energy such plenty, that it would suffice to boil all oceans on
the Earth ".
However, due to high symmetry of vacuum, the
direct access to this energy is very inconvenient. As a result, being found, in
essence, among ocean of energy, the mankind is compelled to use only
traditional methods of receiving of energy based on burning natural energy
carriers.
Nevertheless, at infringement of symmetry of
vacuum the access to ocean of energy is possible.
The modern methods of receiving of energy can
schematically be presented as:
C + O2 CO2 + 0,0046 MeV,
235U 0,85
MeV / nucleon + radioactive waste,
D + T 4He
+ 17,6 MeV .
When analysing these methods of receiving of
energy, it is possible to see, that a final product in circuit of power
transformations is the substance. And, this final substance becomes, as a rule,
more dangerous to biosphere, than initial energy carriar. The world already get
used to an idea, that for receiving of energy is necessary to have an effect on
substance and at a final stage also to receive substance. It concerns energy
power based on burning of natural fuel, both to atomic engineering, and to
thermonuclear synthesis. Thus cost of received energy remains high, and waste
are very dangerous to biosphere. For such methods of receiving of energy the
formulation suits: " substance in the beginning of energy transformations
- substance in the end of energy transformations ". The task is to find
new methods of receiving of energy, free from drawbacks of the traditional
scheme. The new scheme of energy transformations should look as: "
Substance in the beginning of energy transformations - energy in the end
". Then at a final stage of energy transformations there will be no
substance, dangerous to biosphere. It is possible only in case when there are
no reactions of synthesis in the circuit of energy transformations, and instead
of them the reactions destructurization of substance are realized. It is
possible in medium of energy saturated vacuum, where there is an infringement
of its symmetry. As a result, there is no direct access to energy of vacuum,
but the exchange of energy of vacuum on energy contained in substance is
carried out. The transformation of substance to energy will allow considerably
to increase quantity of received energy and to make process of receiving of
energy by ecologically clean. The new scheme of energy transformations can be
realized at presence of a high level of excitation energy of vacuum and
influence of this energy on substance. For this purpose a proton ideally
suitable as "fuel".
Let's note, that from the above mentioned
formulas, major fundamental physical constant mp/me [5,8,10] directly follows.
Component, which represents binding energy is entering into the formulas of
mass of a proton. This energy determines a degree of steadiness of a particle.
We have the opportunity to calculate its value. The formula for definition of
binding energy of a proton is presented as [5]:
(8)
The value of binding energy has been calculated
on this formula, is equal 107,74 лev (? 108 лeV) and makes about 11,5 % from
rest energy of a proton. Thus the major characteristic of a proton is
determined, knowledge of which is the key moment for realization of a new
method of receiving of energy. If a proton is receiving extra energy, such,
that it exceeded binding energy (? 108 MeV), it becomes unsteady and
disintegrates on light particles having very small time of life. It is possible
at the certain level of energy saturation of vacuum in a local zone of space,
where there is a proton. The new method of receiving of energy is based on this
principle.
The basic stage of energy transformations in a
new method of receiving of energy can be presented as:
p+ + 108 MeV 938 MeV
Here instead of reaction of synthesis of
substance, energy saturation of a proton is realized, that results in it
destructurization. On Fig.1 the complete scheme of energy transformations in a
new method of receiving of energy is shown.
Fig.1. The scheme of energy transformations in a new method
of receiving of energy.
The calculations show, that the binding energy
equal to 107,74 лeV and contains 10 components:
107,74 лeV = 54,9 + 20,35 + 13,35 + 8,23 + 4,84 + 2,84 +
1,62 + 0,87 + 0,48 + 0,26 (лeV).
Accordingly, the power influence on a proton
should be carried out by quantums of energy and should be correspond to
10steps. As all elementary particles, on which the proton disintegrates, are
unsteady, such scheme does not result in occurrence of residual substance at a
final stage of energy transformations [12, 13]. It makes a method by ecologically
clean. Other advantage of a new method is the high unprecedented output energy.
As it is visible from the formulas for mass of a proton and from a relation
(8), the specific energy more than in one a thousand times exceeds
opportunities of atomic power and in dozens of times exceeds opportunities of
thermonuclea synthesis, remaining at that by ecologically clean method. In this
method the influence on nucleuses of atoms of hydrogen is carried out. The
influence is carried out in a local zone of space at energy saturation of
vacuum in medium of electro Яonductivity of a liquid. The method allows to
receive thermal and electrical energy. The calculations show that energy
coefficient is equal to K = 4,8 - 8,6. Consuming material is electrolyt.
Consumption of electrolyt is 1 gramme on 2500 KW T hour of energy. When using
of a electrolyt on a water basis the residual substance - oxygen will be
formed. For the generator by capacity of 100 KW the eduction of O2
makes very insignificant quantity equal to 0,25 cub.m per one year.
The stated above approach usen idea of
infringement of steadiness of a proton, can find application for utilization of
various waste of manufacture in an industry and power. The influence on
substance with the purpose of it destructurization can become the universal and
effective tool of ensuring of ecological safety of manufacture and
transformation of waste of manufacture into a thermal energy. It essentially
changes a sight for existing types and classes of energy carriers and will
allow to consider even dangerous waste as potential energy carriers.
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