Английский язык для юристов-бакалавров

Английский язык для юристов-бакалавров

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации

Государственное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

Московская государственная юридическая академия им. О.Е. Кутафина

Кафедра английского языка № 2

Английский язык

Для юристов-бакалавров

учебно-методическое пособие для студентов 1 курса

(Модуль 1)

Москва 2011

Настоящее учебно-методическое пособие представляет собой первый модуль учебного плана обучения студентов-бакалавров на первом курсе по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции» и является частью Рабочей программы.

Модуль включает в себя две темы:

. Право и профессия юриста.

. Законотворческая деятельность и основной закон России и стран изучаемого языка.

Модуль рассчитан на 28 часов аудиторной работы и 8 часов самостоятельной работы для студентов очной формы обучения.

Пособие разработано в соответствии с Рабочей Программой по дисциплине и ФГОС ВПО нового поколения.

Разработчики - преподаватели кафедры английского языка № 2 МГЮА им. О.Е. Кутафина.

Тема «Право и профессия юриста» - Влахова А.С., к.и.н., доцент, Федотова О.Л., доцент.

Тема «Законотворческая деятельность. Основной закон России и стран изучаемого языка» - Заикина А.В., ст. преподаватель, Владимирова Е.В., преподаватель.

CONTENTS

PART 1. LAW AND LEGAL PROFESSIONS

1. UNIT 1. Introduction to Law

2. UNIT 2 Why do we need law?

3. UNIT 3 Law and Society

4. UNIT 4 Legal professions

5. UNIT 5 Legal skills

6. UNIT 6 Applying for a job

7. GLOSSARY

PART 2. LEGISLATION AND CONSTITUTION

. UNIT 1. Legislation in Russia

. UNIT 2. Law-making procedure in the USA

10.UNIT 3. The United Kingdom legislation

11. UNIT 4. The Constitution of the Russian Federation

. UNIT 5. Constitutions of the USA and the UK

. UNIT 6. E-MAIL IN ENGLISH

. GLOSSARY

15. Краткий грамматический справочник

. Список использованной литературы

PART 1. LAW AND LEGAL PROFESSIONS

1. INTRODUCTION TO LAW

1. Посмотрите на рисунки. Опишите, что изображено на них. Как Вы думаете, каким образом они связаны с понятием «право». Какие сферы взаимоотношений в обществе и между людьми регулируются правом?

A B C

D E  F

GH

. Прочитайте данные ниже определения слова «law», которое переводится на русский язык как «право, закон». Как Вы думаете, какое из определений этого слова больше всего подходит к каждому из рисунков?

1. A rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority.

2. A set of rules or principles dealing with a specific area of a legal system.

3. A way of life.

4. A statement describing a relationship observed to be invariable between or among phenomena for all cases in which the specified conditions are met.

5. A principle of organization, procedure, or technique.

6. A generalization based on consistent experience or results.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, начиная ответ с одного из выражений, данных в рамке.

1. Can we live without laws?

2. Why do we need the law?

3. What spheres of life are regulated by law?

4. Must people obey laws?

5. What rules of behavior are accepted in the society?

6. Do you share the idea that people should look only after themselves and take no care about others?

7. What rules do you obey willingly?

8. What rules would you abolish if you could?

9. Do laws limit your personal freedom?

10.Must all people study law at school?

11.Do you feel that laws protect you?

12.What law would you suggest if you were a Member of Parliament?

4. Прочитайте и выучите идиоматические выражения со словом «law». Составьте предложения с каждым из них. (Идиомы - это устойчивые по составу и структуре лексически неделимые и целостные по значению словосочетания или предложения, выполняющие функцию словарной единицы).

1. law and order - правопорядок

2. the law of the jungle - закон джунглей

3. to lay down the law- a) устанавливать правовые нормы, формулировать закон; б) говорить безапелляционным тоном, не допускать возражений

4. Necessity knows no law - нужда не знает закона.

5. Посмотрите на карикатуры. Нарисуйте или опишите устно картинку или карикатуру, которая ассоциируется у вас с одним или несколькими из данных ниже устойчивых словосочетаний.

1. to make laws - издавать, принимать законы

2. to repeal laws - отменять законы

3. to break laws - нарушать законы

4. to obey laws - соблюдать законы

5. to enforce laws - обеспечить (принудительно) исполнение закона

6. to apply laws - применять законы

7. to be against the law - быть противозаконным

8. to study law - изучать право

9. to amend the law - вносить поправки в закон

. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу глаголами из упражнения 5

1. The State Duma of the Russian Federation ____ laws.

2. The government ___ laws and ___ them if they are bad.

3. The police ___ laws.

4. Courts and judges ___ laws.

5. Law-abiding people ___ laws.

6. Criminals ___ laws.

7. The students of universities ___ law.

2. WHY DO WE NEED THE LAW?

LANGUAGE IN USE

Повторение грамматики: система времен английских глаголов в активном залоге

1. Прочитайте

а) 1-ю форму глагола

б) 2-ю форму глагола

в) 3-ю форму глагола.

made, make, begun, begin, began, was, is, been, were, being, drive, driven, driving, drove, kept, keep, arisen, arise, arose, dealt, deal, dealing, have, had, has, protected, protect, taken, take, took, feel, felt, flaw, flawed, spoken, spoke, speak, seek, sought, choose, chosen, chose.

2. Прочитайте формы сказуемого, которые переводятся на русский язык а) настоящим временем б) прошедшим временем в) будущим временем.

will begin, have protected, is speaking, had taken, made, seek to do, shall have, are driving, has felt, were keeping, ensured, is going to take, will be necessary, deals with, am doing, flaws, was regulating, had chosen, have resolved, are arising, are going to do, will settle, drive, keeps, are applying, rejected, shall respect, imposed.

3. Прочитайте только те словосочетания, которые могут выступать в качестве сказуемого в предложении.

will have finished, alter, in favor of, unlike rules, should not do, to pay, may be forced, would not be necessary, did not live, so special, to drive on, help to safeguard, claims to, ensuring, do not want, applies to, might not be able to go, to speak out publicly, has kept, are regulating, a great deal of order, like, do not use, will choose, is speaking.

4. Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на обстоятельства времени

1. … now (at the moment of speech) we are telling, laws are keeping the society together, he is driving on the left side of the road, they are seeking to change the law;

. … already, by now (by the moment of speech) they have formulated the law, government has authorized the court to complete the investigation, the criminal has broken the law, he has taken unfair advantage of the weaker, the life has changed.

. … last …, … ago, in 1997 (date) people began to create laws long ago, last week the parliament amended the law, yesterday he testified under oath at the trial, in 1985 the Law Society relaxed the rules.

. Выберите правильную форму глагола.

. Students (are studying, study) law at the University. 2. He already (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 3, Last year he (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 4. The police (didn’t find, haven’t found) the killer yet. 5. For about 10 years legislators (discussed, have been discussing) the bill. 6. Every year the State Duma of the RF (is passing, passes) a lot of laws. 7. In 1992 our country (ratified, had ratified) the treaty. 8. Lawyers (came, have come) to the agreement by the end of the present session. 9. You (are looking, look) very thoughtful. What (do you think, are you thinking) about? - I (think, am thinking) about retirement. - But you are only 25. You only just (started, have started) your career. - I (know, am knowing), but I (read, have read) an article which (says, is saying) that a sensible man (started, starts) thinking about retirement at 25.

6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова, которые выступают в разных функциях в предложении.

1. A judge is a court officer authorized to decide legal cases. But who are they to judge us? <#"radio" NAME="q1" VALUE="1">Yes.

o     Not really.

2. Can you manipulate things for your benefit?

Please answer this question.

o     Yes, why not?

o     Not sure.

3. Is your mind sharp like a knife?

Please answer this question.

o     Yes, it can cut even iron!

o     It is more like a butter knife.

4. How good are your lying abilities?

Please answer this question.

o     Well honed.

o     Not worth mentioning.

5. How good are you at convincing people?

Please answer this question.

o     Very good.

o     Barely ok.

6. Can you twist the truth in your favour?

Please answer this question.

o     Maybe.

o     Not sure.

7. What genres of movies/novels do you like most?

Please answer this question.

o     Detective and crime thrillers.

o     Romantic and comic stories.

Answers:

. a) 10; b) 0 2. a) 10; b) 0 3) a) 10; b) 0 4. a) 10; b) 0 5. a) 10; b) 0 6. a) 10; b) 0 7. a) 10; b) 0: 1. 0 -30. You can't become a lawyer.don't have the qualities of becoming a lawyer. Forget it!

. 40- 70. You can become a lawyer. Why not try to be one?

UNIT 5. LEGAL SKILLS

LANGUAGE IN USE

Повторение грамматики: степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

1. Прочитайте прилагательные:

а) в положительной степени

б) в сравнительной степени

в) в превосходной степени.

Сформулируйте основное правило образования степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий в английском языке.

many, more, the most, wise, wiser, the wisest, competitive, more competitive, the most competitive, clear, clearer, the clearest, concise, more concise, the most concise, bad, worse, the worst, simple, simpler, the simplest, complex, more complex, the most complex, little, less, the lest (least), persuasive, more persuasive, the most persuasive, good, better, the best, efficient, more efficient, the most efficient, far, farther (further), the farthest (furthest), effective, more effective, the most effective.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, содержащие сравнительные обороты.

1. This method is as effective as the previous one. 2. The period is twice as long as a semester. 3. Inform us as soon as possible. 4. His job is not so efficient as his colleague’s one. 5. The more you work, the better you study. 6. The document is as concise as possible. 7. Her resume is not so clear as required. 8. His career promotion is twice as quick as that of the friend. 9. The better you communicate with people, the more clients you will have.

3. Сравните ученые степени, которые присваиваются выпускникам высших учебных заведений. Используйте как можно больше сравнительных оборотов

4. Прочитайте и переведите текст со словарем.

TEXT 5. TOP TEN LEGAL SKILLS

While legal positions vary greatly in scope and responsibility, there are several core legal skills that are required in most legal functions. If you are considering a career in the law, it is wise to polish these top ten legal skills to excel in today’s competitive legal market.

. Oral Communicationis one of the most fundamental tools of the legal professional. Legal professionals must:

·    Convey information in a clear, concise, and logical manner.

·              Communicate persuasively.

·              Advocate a position or a cause.

·              Master legal terminology.

·              Develop keen listening skills.

2. Written Communication. From writing simple correspondence to drafting complex legal documents, writing is an integral function of nearly every legal position. Legal professionals must:

·    Master the stylistic and mechanical aspects of writing.

·              Master the fundamentals of grammar.

·              Learn how to write organized, concise and persuasive prose.

·              Draft effective legal documents such as motions, briefs, memos, resolutions and

·              legal agreements.

3. Client Service. In the client-focused legal industry, serving the client honestly, capably and responsibly is crucial to success.

. Analytical and Logical Reasoning. Legal professionals must learn to review and assimilate large volumes of complex information in an efficient and effective manner. Legal analytical and logical reasoning skills include: reviewing complex written documents, drawing inferences and making connections among legal authorities; developing logical thinking, organization and problem-solving abilities; structuring and evaluating arguments; using inductive and deductive reasoning to draw inferences and reach conclusions.

. Legal Research. Researching legal concepts, case law, judicial opinions, statutes, regulations and other information is an important legal skill.

. Technology. Technology is changing the legal landscape and is an integral part of every legal function. To remain effective in their jobs, legal professionals must master communications technology including e-mails, voice messaging systems, videoconferencing and related technology.

. Knowledge of Substantive Law and Legal Procedure. All legal professionals, even those at the bottom of the legal career chain, must have basic knowledge of substantive law and legal procedure.

. Time Management. In a profession based on a business model (billable hours) that ties productivity to financial gain, legal professionals are under constant pressure to bill time and manage large workloads.

. Organization. In order to manage large volumes of data and documents, legal professionals must develop top-notch organizational skills.

. Teamwork. Legal professionals do not work in a vacuum. Even solo practitioners must rely on secretaries and support staff and team up with co-counsels, experts to deliver legal services.

5. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты русским словам и словосочетаниям

. профессиональные компетенции юриста

. представлять информацию в ясной и краткой форме

. овладеть юридической терминологией

. развивать способность внимательно слушать собеседника

. составлять сложные юридические документы

. овладеть основами грамматики

. составлять ходатайства, записки по делу

. обслуживать клиента честно и ответственно

. просматривать и усваивать большой объем информации

. навыки логического рассуждения

. делать выводы и умозаключения

. осваивать технологии общения (коммуникации)

. на нижней ступеньке карьерной лестницы

. знания материального права и судопроизводства

. выдерживать большие рабочие нагрузки

. почасовая оплата

. развивать навыки самоорганизации высокого класса

. работа в команде

6. Прочитайте дефиниции и соотнесите их со словами из рамки.

1. An ability to do something well, especially because you have learned and practiced it.___________

. To write a plan, letter, report, bill, etc. that will need to be changed before it is in its finished form.______________

. A piece of paper that gives official written information about something._____________

. Someone who pays for services or advice from the person or organization. ______________

. Serious study of a subject that is intended to discover new facts or test new ideas. ____________

. Having the highest quality or standard. ______________

. The process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts or feelings.___________

. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя слова и словосочетания из текста

. Мы осваиваем юридическую терминологию с первого дня поступления в университет.

. К концу первого курса он научится представлять информацию в четкой и краткой форме.

. На вчерашнем семинаре по истории государства и права России студенты активно отстаивали свои позиции.

. Только к концу прошлого семинара он понял, как составлять ходатайство.

. Тише, идет лекция! Преподаватель рассказывает об использовании индуктивно-дедуктивных методов в работе юриста.

. Он занимался исследовательской работой в области теории государства и права еще в школе.

. Овладение современными технологиями общения, такими, как видеоконференции, является неотъемлемой частью работы юриста.

. Выскажите мнение по поводу следующих утверждений. Начните ответ с одного из следующих выражений:

а) выражения полного согласия: “It goes without saying”, “Exactly so”;

б) выражения абсолютного несогласия: “Nothing of the kind”, “Surely not”;

в) выражения неуверенности и неясности позиции: “I’m not quite sure about it”, “That’s hard to tell…”.

. Legal research is the only reliable tool of the legal profession.

. In the first year students must read and brief hundreds of cases.

. Experts say that the brain is a complex information processor capable of processing and assimilating complex information at greater speeds through practice.

. We must know how to analyze and gather information, identify issues, organize our data base, draft inferences and reach conclusions.

. You can brush up your writing skills by reading resources on the craft of writing.

. It is easy to learn legal English.

. It is possible for me to learn and memorize for ever a large amount of information for a few days.

. We must pace ourselves and learn the substantive law and legal procedure.

9. Выступите в качестве переводчика

BE CAREFUL. A CAREER IN LAW COULD CHANGE THE WAY YOU THINK

Guest Henry Dahut, Esq. <#"518597.files/image011.gif">

7. Используя текст 1 и схему упражнения 4, расскажите о законодательной власти в Российской Федерации

. Заполните пропуски словами и словосочетаниями в рамке.

1.  The 628-member law-making body, termed the Federal Assembly, consists of two chambers, the 450-member State Duma (_____) and the 178-member Federation Council (____).

2.      The State Duma confirms the _______ of the prime minister, although it does not have the power to confirm Government ministers.

.        The two chambers of the legislature also have the power ______ of legislation.

.        Upon the advice of the prime minister, the president can _______ Government members, including the deputy prime ministers.

.        Under the 1993 constitution, if the president commits "grave crimes" or treason, the State Duma may _______ him with the parliament's upper house, the Federation Council.

.        Several bills that the President had ________ were taken up again by the new legislature.

.        The Federation Council deals primarily with such _______ as internal borders and decrees of the president establishing martial law or states of emergency etc.

.        All ________, even those proposed by the Federation Council, must first be considered by the State Duma.

.        According to the 1993 constitution, the State Duma must decide within one week to __________ a candidate once the president has placed that person's name in nomination.

.        Each legislative chamber ______ a chairman to control the internal procedures of the chamber.

11.    Замените русские слова и выражения в скобках соответствующими английскими эквивалентами

1.  The State Duma (принимает постановления) on (вопросам) referred to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Decrees of the State Duma are adopted by a majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma, unless another procedure is envisaged by the Constitution. All (законопроекты) are first (одобряются) by the State Duma and are further debated and approved (or (отклоняются)) by the Federation Council.

2.         The (Государственная Дума) in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the (Федерального Собрания) of Russia (legislature), the upper house being the (Совет Федераций) of Russia.

3.         The president (назначает) the prime minister, and the Duma (голосует) whether to confirm the appointment. The president has wide legislative powers, including the (право вето) and decree. Decrees carry the force of law, but may not violate existing law. The Federal Assembly may (преодолеть президентское вето) by a two-thirds vote of each chamber.

4.         (Законодательная деятельность) originates in the Duma and, if passed, is sent to the Federation Council. If the Federation Council approves the legislation or fails to examine it within fourteen days, the legislation is sent to the president to be signed.

5.         When considering federal constitutional laws, three-fourths of the Council have to (проголосовать). If the Council vetoes a law passed by the State Duma, the two chambers are mandated to form a (согласительную комиссию) in order to (прийти к компромиссу) and make up a document, which would again go under vote by both houses.

6.         The two houses of the Federal Assembly (заседают раздельно), with the State Duma residing in another part of Moscow. Sessions of the Federation Council are held in Moscow from January 25 to July 15 and from September 16 to December 31.

7.         The State Duma has special powers enumerated by the Constitution of Russia. Among them there is the power to (выносить обвинение) against the President of the Russian Federation for his impeachment.

LANGUAGE IN USE

Повторение грамматики: система времен английских глаголов в пассивном залоге

10.Замените глагольные формы в активном залоге в предложениях на пассивные, как указано в примерах и дайте их русские эквиваленты.

Examples:1 At first, The State Duma considers all bills.first, all bills are considered by the State Duma (usually, always).2 At first, The State Duma considered all bills.first, all bills were considered by the State Duma.(yesterday, two days ago, the day before yesterday).3 At first, The State Duma will consider all billsfirst, all bills will be considered by the State Duma (tomorrow, in a week, in amonth).

.   A majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma adopts decrees of the State Duma.

2.      The Constitution of Russia enumerates special powers of the State Duma.

.        The Federation Council considered a draft law yesterday.

.        The State Duma overrode the veto of the Federation Council two weeks ago.

.        The President will sign the bill tomorrow.

.        If necessary, the two chambers form a conciliation commission to work out a compromise version of the legislation.

.        The State Duma will pass the bill in a few months.

.        The Federation Council rejected the bill the day before.

.        The State Duma and the Federation Council will vote for the draft law the day after tomorrow.

.        The State Duma brings charges against the President.

11. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя слова и словосочетания из текста.

1.  Высший орган законодательной власти в России - Федеральное Собрание - состоит из двух палат: верхней и нижней.

2.      Верхняя палата именуется Советом Федерации, нижняя - Государственной Думой.

.        Совет Федерации и Государственная Дума проводят заседания раздельно, каждая палата имеет свои полномочия.

.        В России действует принцип разделения властей.

.        Первоначально закон принимается простым большинством в Государственной Думе, затем рассматривается Советом Федерации.

.        В том случае, если между палатами возникают разногласия, палаты формируют согласительную комиссию.

.        Для преодоления вето в каждой из палат закон должен быть одобрен не менее чем 2/3 голосов.

.        Законодательная деятельность в Российской Федерации урегулирована Конституцией Российской Федерации.

.        В течение 14 дней Президент может отклонить закон, то есть наложить на него вето, и вернуть обратно в Государственную Думу.

10.    Законопроект обсуждается на заседаниях Государственной Думы, в текст законопроектов вносятся поправки, изменения, дополнения.

12. Самостоятельная работа. Изучите раздел Конституции, посвященный законодательной ветви власти в России, и найдите ответы на вопросы

1. Who are the members of the Council of Federation?

2.      Who does the State Duma consist of?

.        What term shall the State Duma be elected for?

.        Who can be elected a deputy of the State Duma?

.        What does it mean for deputies to enjoy immunity?

.        Who shall the Council of Federation and the Sate Duma elect from among its members?

.        What are the duties of the Chairman and his (her) deputies?

.        What are the responsibilities of committees and commissions? (consult other sources)

.        What shall the State Duma and the Federal Council do if the President rejects the federal law?

.        In what cases may the State Duma be dissolved by the President?

2. LAW-MAKING PROCEDURE IN THE USA

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the legislative body in the USA? What does it consist of?

. What are the steps in the legislative process?

. What are the sources of bills? Who can introduce the legislation?2. LAW-MAKING PROCEDURE IN THE USACongress of the United States is the highest lawmaking body in the United States and one of the oldest national legislatures in the world. The U.S. Congress consists of two houses-the Senate and the House of Representatives. A member of the Senate is referred to as a senator, and a member of the House of Representatives is called a representative or congressman or congresswoman.general process for making a bill into a law is described in the Constitution.first step in the legislative process is the introduction of a bill to the Congress. Bills originate from several different sources: from individual members of the Congress, from a member of a constituent or a group of constituents, from one or more state legislatures, or the President or his administration, but only members of the Congress can introduce legislation.being introduced, a bill is referred to the appropriate committee for review. There are 17 Senate committees, with 70 subcommittees, and 23 House committees, with 104 subcommittees. A bill is first considered in a subcommittee, where it may be accepted, amended, or rejected. If the members of the subcommittee agree to move a bill forward, it is reported to the full committee, where the process is repeated again. If the full committee votes to approve the bill, it is reported to the House or the Senate.the bill comes up for consideration, the House has a very structured debate process. Each member who wishes to speak only has a few minutes, and the number and kind of amendments are usually limited. In the Senate, debate on most bills is unlimited - Senators may speak to issues other than the bill under consideration during their speeches, and any amendment can be introduced. A bill must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President for consideration. Once debate has ended and any amendments to the bill have been approved, the full membership will vote for or against the bill.bill is then sent to the President. When receiving a bill from the Congress, the President has several options. If the President agrees with the bill, he or she may sign it into law. If the President disagrees with the bill, he may veto it and send it back to the Congress. The Congress may override the veto with a two-thirds vote of each chamber, at which point the bill becomes law and is printed.

2. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя ту или иную речевую модель.

Model: a) I fully agree with the statement.) I am afraid, I can’t agree with it.

.   The Senate is the main legislative body of the USA.

2.      The Constitution of the USA sets forth the general process for making a bill into law.

.        The first step in the legislative process is voting.

.        In the House of Representatives, debate on most bills is unlimited.

.        All bill must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President.

.        When receiving a bill from the Congress, the President has to sign it.

.        The Congress has no right to override the presidential veto.

3. Изучите схему принятия закона в США. Сравните с информацией из текста 2. Найдите и опишите этапы законодательного процесса, которые не раскрыты в тексте 2

public hearing - открытые слушания (meeting or session of a Senate, House, Joint, or Special Committee of Congress, usually open to the public, to obtain information and opinions on proposed legislation)

conference committee - комитет по согласованию расхождений, согласительный комитет

floor action - пленарная акция (once a bill reaches the floor, it can be debated and amended before coming to a vote)

highway act - основной (итоговый) проект закона

5. Посмотрите на картинки. Изучите законы, которые действуют в разных штатах США. LOONY* LAWS

Ответьте на вопросы

1. Can you figure out why each law has been passed?

. What conditions in society might have led to its passing?

. Are there laws today that may be considered loony in the future?

6. Напишите «безумный» закон или правило, которому необходимо следовать дома или в университете. Объясните, почему вы считаете его таковым. Спросите других студентов, что они думают о нем.

Note:

*loony: сумасшедший, безумный, бредовый

UNIT 3. THE UNITED KINGDOM LEGISLATION

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the legislative body in the UK? What does it consist of?

. What are the steps in the legislative process?

. What are the sources of bills? Who can introduce the legislation?3. THE UNITED KINGDOM LEGISLATIONGreat Britain laws are made in Parliament at Westminster. The British Parliament consists of the monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Their work is similar: making laws (legislation), checking the work of the government (scrutiny), and debating current issues. The House of Lords is composed of life peers and hereditary peers. The House of Common is composed of Members of Parliament (Mps).idea for a new law can come from a variety of sources: bills may be introduced by any member of either House (a "Private Member's Bill"), a Minister of the Crown (a "Government Bill"), by the general public ("Public Bills"), by an individual or small group of individuals (a "Private Bill").reading is the first stage of a Bill’s passage through the House of Commons - usually a formality, it takes place without debate. The short title of the Bill is read out and then the Bill is printed. The Bill is published as a House of Commons paper for the first time.next stage is second reading, the first opportunity for MPs to debate the general principles and themes of the Bill.second reading is completed the Bill proceeds to committee stage. Committee stage is where detailed examination of the Bill takes placel, clause by clause, determining the intent and impact of the bill’s language. This is therefore often considered the most important step in the parliamentary process for researchers aiming to determine legislative intent. It is at this stage that amendments are made. If the Bill has been amended the Bill is reprinted before its next stage.committee stage is finished, the Bill returns to the floor of the House of Commons for its report stage, where the amended Bill can be debated and further amendments proposed. All MPs can suggest amendments to the Bill or new clauses (parts) they think should be added.stage is normally followed immediately by debate on the Bill's third reading. Committee stage is where detailed examination of the Bill takes place, clause by clause, determining the intent and impact of the bill’s language. Amendments (proposals for change) cannot be made to a Bill at third reading in the Commons.process in the House of Lords is very similar to the process in the House of Commons. The bill will have a pro forma first reading, then a second reading. After the second reading the bill will normally be referred to a Committee of the Whole House. The bill then passes through a consideration stage and a third reading. In the House of Lords amendments may be made in the Committee of the Whole House, the consideration stage, and the third reading (this is different from the House of Commons where no amendments can be made in the third reading).the Bill started in the Commons it goes to the House of Lords for its first reading. If the Bill started in the Lords it returns to the House of Lords for consideration of any amendments the Commons has made. Both Houses must agree on the exact wording of the Bill. A Bill may go back and forth between each House (‘Ping Pong’) until both Houses reach agreement.a Bill has completed all its parliamentary stages in both Houses, it must have Royal Assent before it can become an Act of Parliament (law). Royal Assent is the Monarch's agreement to make the Bill into an Act and is a formality. When Royal Assent has been given to a Bill, the announcement is usually made in both Houses by the Lord Speaker in the Lords and the Speaker in the Commons.

1. Закончите предложения согласно содержанию текста и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The British Parliament consists of ____________________.

2.      During the first reading the short title of the Bill __________

3. The second reading is the first opportunity _______________

.   Committee stage is _______________________________.

5.      Once committee stage is finished, the Bill returns to the floor of the House of Commons for its report stage, where __________________________.

.        Report stage is followed by ________________________.

7. The process in the House of Lords is ________________.

.   Royal Assent is _________________________________.

9.      When Royal Assent has been given to a Bill, __________.

3. Просмотрите текст 3 и заполните таблицу, отражающую этапы принятия закона в Великобритании.

. Используя информацию из текстов 1, 2, 3, а также дополнительные источники заполните таблицу. Проанализируйте таблицу и сделайте вывод, что общего и в чем различия законодательного процесса в России, США и Великобритании

. Работа в парах. Используя таблицу, задайте друг другу вопросы по каждому пункту. Сделайте совместную мини-презентацию темы.

6. РОЛЕВАЯ ИГРА «We are making laws»

Организация игры

. Выберите одного человека на роль Президента. Его задача: ознакомиться с законопроектом, предложить свои поправки, одобрить, подписать и огласить закон, или отклонить его (наложить вето). Обосновать свое решение.

. Остальную часть группы поделите на две подгруппы - Государственная Дума (большая часть группы) и Совет Федерации.

. Задача обеих палат: выбрать председателя и под его руководством осуществлять рассмотрение законопроекта и выносить решение о принятии или отклонении закона.

. Прежде чем вступать в игру, вспомните содержание текста 1, еще раз проанализируйте процесс принятия закона в России. Для удобства можно изобразить процесс схематично на доске или воспользоваться схемой из Упражнения 4. Четко сформулируйте последовательность действий в игре (какая палата должна обсуждать законопроект первой, что потом происходит с проектом, как может действовать каждая палата, когда в игру вступает президент и др.). Помните, что игра интересна только тогда, когда она четко организована.

UNIT 4. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

1. Подумайте и ответьте на вопросы:

·  Think of several bad things that a government could do to its citizens. Give examples.

·        How can citizens prevent a government from doing these things?

·  What is a constitution?

·        What basic principles are contained in a constitution?

·        Why is a constitution the supreme law of any country?

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст

TEXT 4. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATIONConstitution of the Russian Federation is Russia's supreme law, passed through a national vote. It contains the basic principles of the Russian constitutional system.Constitution:

·  defines the federative structure of the Russian Federation;

·        establishes the principles of sovereignty and independence of the Russian Federation;

·        defines the principle of separation of powers between legislative, executive and judicial branches;

·        establishes equality of ideologies and religions;

·        defines the Russian Federation as a secular state.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen, sets their priority when handling any questions, and proclaims the principle of equality before law and court. As for the federative structure, the Constitution contains the list of component units of the Russian Federation, covers the questions that are in the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and those that are in the joint jurisdiction of federal and local authorities.articles are devoted to the bodies of federal power: the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the Russian Federation and also the judicial power of the Russian Federation. In these articles, the order and the terms of appointed and elected officials and the limits of their competence are defined according to the principle of separation of powers.the Constitution accepted on December 12, 1993 at the all-Russia referendum, full authority in the RF belongs to the President and bodies of legislative (two-chamber parliament - Federal Assembly), executive (Government of the Russian Federation) and the judicial authority, which work independently.President of the Russian Federation is the Head of the State; the duties of the President are listed, including his status of the Supreme Commander of the military forces of the Russian Federation. The Constitution also contains the text of the oath taken by the President of the Russian Federation when entering the post.Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (the Federation Council and the State Duma) represents the legislature. The order of electing representatives for these chambers, their competence, terms of office are provided by the Constitution.Government of the Russian Federation is the executive branch. The Constitution determines the extent of its jurisdiction and also defines the order and the terms of office of government officials.power is implemented by means of constitutional, civil, administrative, and criminal legal proceedings. The Constitution establishes the principles of independence, irremovability and immunity of judges, thus providing for objectiveness and impartiality of the court.system of courts of the Russian Federation consists of:

·  the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation;

·        the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation;

·        the Higher Arbitration Tribunal of the Russian Federation.

Separate articles are devoted to the office of Public Prosecutions of the Russian Federation with functions of supervision and control, and to the procedure for adoption of Constitutional amendments. The Constitution regulates the questions of local self-government, including its authority and sphere of activity.and Final provisions regulating the promulgation of the Constitution and its enforcement are included in Part 2 of the Constitution.

3. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания из текста

1. to establish the principles of sovereignty and independence

2.      to cover the questions

.        to be devoted to the bodies of federal power

.        competence

.        legislative authority

.        executive authority

.        judicial authority

.        to list the duties

.        military forces

.        to represent the legislature

.        to determine the extent of the jurisdiction

.        immunity of judges

13. objectiveness and impartiality of the court.

14. supervision and control

. promulgation of the Constitution and its enforcement

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим русским словам и словосочетаниям

1.   суверенитет

2.      принимать закон

.        независимость

.        светский

.        разбирать вопрос

.        провозглашать

.        равенство

.        судопроизводство

.        сроки полномочий

.        вступать в должность

.        исполнять

.        чиновник (должностное лицо)

.        несменяемость (постоянство)

.        предусматривать

.        беспристрастность

16.    приносить присягу

5. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту

1. What does the Constitution of the RF define and establish?

2.      What provisions does the Constitution have regarding the federative structure?

.        What are the bodies of federal power?

.        Who does the full authority belong to under the current Constitution?

.        What provisions concerning the legislature are provided by the Constitution?

.        What is the executive branch of the RF?

.        How is judicial power implemented in the RF?

8.      What does the system of courts consist of?

6. Подберите синонимы из правой колонки к словам в левой колонке

7. Подберите антонимы из правой колонки к словам в левой колонке

. Закончите предложения согласно содержанию текста

1) Constitution establishes …

·  the principles of independence and partial sovereignty of the RF

·        equalities of ideologies but not religions

·        the principle of separation of powers

2) As for the federative structure, the Constitution …

·  covers the questions that are exclusively in the jurisdiction of the RF leaving out the competence of federal and local authorities

·        contains the list of component units of the RF

·        covers only those questions that are in the joint jurisdiction of federal and local authorities

3) The bodies of federal power are…

·  the Federal Assembly of the RF and the judiciary of the RF

·        the President of the RF and the Government of the RF

·        all the bodies mentioned above in a) and b)

4) The Federal Assembly of the RF represents

·  the legislature

·        the judiciary

·        the executive branch

5) The Constitution determines…

·  the extent of the jurisdiction of the executive branch

·        the order and the terms of office of the governmental officials

·        both

6) Judicial power is implemented by means of …

·  civil and criminal legal proceedings

·        constitutional and administrative legal proceedings

·        all the proceedings mentioned in a) and b)

LANGUAGE IN USE

Повторение грамматики: система времен английских глаголов в пассивном залоге

9. Замените глагольные формы в активном залоге в предложениях на пассивные, как указано в примерах и дайте их русские эквиваленты.

Examples:1The constitution defines the federative structure of the Russian Federation.federative structure of the Russian Federation is defined in the.2 The constitution defined the federative structure of the Russian Federation.federative structure of the Russian Federation was defined in the. (several years ago, yesterday, two days ago, the day before).3 The constitution will define the federative structure of the Russian Federation.federative structure of the Russian Federation will be defined in the

Constitution (one of these days, tomorrow, in a week, in several months).

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen.

2.      The Constitution defined the Russian Federation as a secular state in 1993.

.        The Constitution contains the text of the oath taken by the President of the Russian Federation.

.        The Constitution determines the extent of the jurisdiction of the Russian Government.

.        The Constitution established the principles of independence, irremovability and immunity of judges when it was adopted.

.        The Constitution will regulate the questions of local self-government in a year.

.        Part 2 of the Constitution includes Transitional and Final provisions.

10. Соотнесите слова из правой колонки с их определениями из левой колонки.

11. Переведите предложения, используя слова и словосочетания из текста

1. Конституция Российской федерации - главный нормативный акт, имеющий высшую юридическую силу.

2.      Конституция устанавливает основы социального, экономического и политического устройства России.

.        Конституция провозглашает идею приоритета прав и свобод человека.

.        Носителем суверенитета и единственным источником власти в РФ является ее многонациональный народ.

.        Все граждане России равны перед законом и судом.

.        Статья 10 Конституции Российской Федерации предусматривает принцип разделения государственной власти на законодательную, исполнительную и судебную.

.        Судебная власть осуществляется посредством конституционного, гражданского, административного и уголовного судопроизводства.

.        Согласно Конституции судьи обладают независимостью, несменяемостью и неприкосновенностью.

.        Компетенция Прокуратуры включает надзор за исполнением законов всеми учреждениями, должностными лицами и гражданами.

10.  При вступлении в должность Президент Российской Федерации приносит присягу.

UNIT 5. CONSTITUTIONS OF THE USA AND THE UK

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1. When was the US Constitution adopted?

2.      What does the US Constitution consist of?

.        How are the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution called?

.        What rights and liberties are protected under the Bill of Rights?

.        What is required in federal criminal cases?

.        What kind of trial is guaranteed by the Bill of Rights?

.        What are key features of the US Constitution?

.        What are the three branches of power according to the Constitution?

.        Is there a strict separation of powers?

.        Does any branch have more power than the others?

.        What duties does every branch have regarding the other branches under the principle of checks and balances?

.        What are the composition and powers of the judicial branch according to the US Constitution?

TEXT 5. THE US CONSTITUTIONform of the US government is based on the Constitution of 1787 which was adopted after the War of Independence. The US Constitution consists of 7 articles and 27 amendments. The first 10 amendments are called the Bill of Rights and were adopted in 1791 under popular pressure.

The Bill of Rights is a series of limitations on the power of the United States federal government, protecting the natural rights and liberties, property including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, free assembly, and free association, as well as the right to keep and carry arms. In federal criminal cases, it requires indictment by a grand jury for any capital crime, guarantees a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury composed of members of the state in which the crime occurred.key feature of the US Constitution is federalism - the division of power between the national government and the states. Another major feature of the Constitution is the principle of the separation of powers within the national government. According to this principle the executive, legislative and judicial branches exercise powers that are largely separate and distinct. There is not a strict and complete separation of powers, the powers of the three branches overlap. Each branch has its own responsibilities, but no branch has more power than the other branches. There is the system of checks and balances, that is each branch has certain duties to check the powers of the other branches. This system was meant to protect against the extremes since it makes compromise and consensus necessary.legislative branch is called the Congress which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It is the responsibility of the Congress to propose and pass laws. In the system of checks and balances, Congress can refuse to approve Presidential appointments and can override presidential veto.executive branch consists of the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet and the 13 Departments, and also of the independent agencies. Its responsibility is to enforce laws. According to the principle of checks and balances, the President has the power of veto to reject the bill of the Congress. He also appoints all Supreme Court Justices.judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court, 11 Circuit Courts of Appeals and 94 District Courts. This branch explains and interprets laws and makes decisions in lawsuits. It has the power over the other two branches and according to the principle of checks and balances can declare their actions and laws unconstitutional in case they violate the principles of the Constitution.

2. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя ту или иную речевую модель

Model:

c) I think it is true. The text tells us that ………

d)      To my mind, it is false because …………

1. The US Constitution was adopted in 1918 after the World War I.

2.      The first 10 amendments are called the Bill of Rights.

.        The Bill of Rights sets forth the structure of the Federal Government.

.        The key features of the US Constitution are federalism, the separation of powers and the system of checks and balances.

.        The legislative branch has more powers then the others.

.        The powers of the three branches don't overlap.

.        The system of checks and balances was meant to protect against the extremes.

8.      The responsibilities of the Congress are to protect the rights of citizens and enforce laws.

9. The executive branch consists of the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet and the 13 Departments, and also of the independent agencies.

10.    The judicial branch explains and interprets laws and makes decisions in lawsuits.

3. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы

1. What makes the UK Constitution different from other constitutions?

2.      What are the sources of the UK Constitution?

.        What is the core principle of the UK Constitution?

.        What bodies represent the three branches of power (executive, legislative and judiciary)?

TEXT 6. THE BRITISH CONSTITUTIONBritish Constitution is unwritten unlike the constitution in America or the proposed European Constitution, and as such, is referred to as an uncodified constitution in the sense that there is no single document that can be identified as Britain's constitution. The British Constitution can be found in a variety of documents. The main ones are: Statutes (the Magna Carta of 1215 and the Act of Settlement of 1701), Acts of Parliament; customs and traditions, political conventions, case law; constitutional matters decided in a court of law.

Since the English Civil War, the core principle of the British constitution has traditionally been the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, according to which the statutes passed by Parliament are the UK's supreme and final source of law. It follows that Parliament can change the constitution simply by passing new Acts of Parliamentto to be followed by the Royal Assent. There is some debate about whether this principle remains entirely valid today, in part due to the UK's European Union membership.

According to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, Parliament may pass any legislation that it wishes. There are many Acts of Parliament which themselves have constitutional significance. For example, Parliament has the power to determine the length of its own term. However, the Sovereign retains the power to dissolve parliament at any time on the advice of the Prime Minister. Parliament also has the power to change the structure of its constituent houses and the relation between them.consists of the Sovereign, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. All the legislation must receive the approval of the Sovereign (Royal Assent). Following the accession of the UK to European Economic Community (now the European Union) in 1972, the UK became bound by European law and more importantly, the principle of the supremacy of European Union law.House of Commons alone possesses the power to pass a motion of no confidence in the Government, which requires the Government either to resign or seek fresh elections. Such a motion does not require passage by the Lords, or Royal Assent. Parliament traditionally also has the power to remove individual members of the government by impeachment. By the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 it has the power to remove individual judges from office for misconduct.executive power in the United Kingdom is exercised by the Sovereign through Her Majesty's Government. The monarch appoints a Prime Minister as the head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister then selects the other Ministers which make up the Government. As in some other parliamentary systems of government, the executive is answerable to Parliament.Courts of the United Kingdom are separated into three separate jurisidictions serving England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, as the United Kingdom does not have a single unified judicial system.Constitutional Reform Act 2005 created a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom to take over the judicial functions of the House of Lords and devolution cases from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Supreme Court began work in 2009, and serves as the highest court of appeal in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland, and for civil cases in Scotland. The High Court of Justiciary will remain the court of last resort in Scotland for criminal cases.

4. Согласитесь или опровергните следующие утверждения

1.   The British Constitution is unwritten like the Constitutions of the USA and the Proposed European Constitution.

2.      The British Constitution can be found in a variety of documents.

.        Amendments to the British Constitution need the approval of the both Houses of Parliament, but they do not need the Royal Assent.

.        The parliamentary sovereignty has always been the core principle of the British Constitution.

.        The Sovereign has no power to dissolve parliament.

.        Parliament has no power to change the structure of its houses.

.        The British Parliament consists only of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

.        The European law has priority over the UK law.

.        The executive power in the United Kingdom is exercised by the Sovereign.

10.    The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 created a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

5. Прочитайте текст о разных видах конституции и переведите его письменно.

Types of ConstitutionsConstitution is a system which establishes the fundamental rules and principles which a state will use to govern and regulate.are several types of constitutions: written/unwritten constitution, rigid/flexible constitution, federal/unitary constitution.term written constitution is used to describe a constitution that is entirely written, that is codified in one single document. Written constitutions normally consist of a ceremonial preamble, which sets forth the goals of the state and the motivation for the constitution, and several articles containing the substantive provisions.term unwritten constitution is used to describe a based on series of laws over time. Unwritten constitutions could contain written sources: e.g. constitutional statutes enacted by the Parliament; and also unwritten sources: constitutional conventions, customs and traditions.historians use the term “rigid” to describe the Constitution because the provisions are in a written document that cannot be legally changed with the same ease and in the same manner as ordinary laws. On the other hand, the Constitution is called “flexible” because it is an unwritten document that can be changed by an act of Parliament or through a process of amendment.federal constitution establishes the division of authority between the Federal Government and the component units of the government. In a federal constitution, sovereignty is invested in the central government. It allows a limited amount of government among units.unitary constitution relates to the parliament. It follows parliamentary system of power. The unitary constitution establishes a unitary system of government where a central government does exist. Although units are associated with that government, sovereignty is controlled by the central government.

6. Используя текст, охарактеризуйте конституции Российской Федерации, США и Великобритании

UNIT 6. E-MAIL IN ENGLISH

1. Подумайте и ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is email?

2.      What do you think about this way of communication?

.        How often do you write emails?

.        How does email differ from a letter?

.        Do you know any rules of writing an email?

Каждое письмо E-mail содержит две основные части: заголовок и тело.

Заголовок письма содержится в следующих полях:

·  В поле To: (Куда) записывается адрес получателя сообщения. В зависимости от используемого сервера или почтовой клиент-программы это поле может называться Message To: или Mail To:.

·        Поле From: (Ваш адрес E-mail) Обычно этот адрес автоматически записывается и поэтому может отсутствовать на экране.

·        В поле Subject: (Тема) указывается краткая аннотация содержания сообщения (не более 20-30 знаков)

·        В поле Сс (carbone copy): (Копия) при необходимости записываются адреса корреспондентов, которым рассылаются копии сообщений.

·        В поле Всс (blind carbone copy): (Скрытая копия) указываются адреса корреспондентов, которым копии сообщений рассылаются в тайне от первого адресата.

Структура тела электронного письма:

1. Salutation (приветствие). Выбор приветственной фразы зависит того, насколько хорошо вы знаете адресата.

2. Opening sentence (вступительное предложение). Объясняет причину создания письма,всегда начинается с заглавной буквы.

3. Main part (основная часть). Содержание письма.

4. Conclusion (заключение). Часть, в которой вы сообщаете о том, что ждете (или не ждете) ответа от адресата.

5. Close (прощание).

2. Посмотрите на фразы, приведенные в упражнении, и распределите их по соответствующим колонкам

Dear Sir or Madam [no name or no close]wishesfree to get in touch* if you have any questionsall'm writing to thank you...sincerely*a short email to inform you...the bestMr, Mrs, Msforward to* your replywhom it may concern*me know if you need anything elseeveryoneregards*not hesitate* to contact us if you need any assistanceyou (soon)look forward to hearing from you:get in touch - связаться с к-либоsincerely - искренне вашlook forward to - с нетерпением ждать concern - касаться, иметь отношение к ч-либо

best regards - с уважением, с наилучшими пожеланиями.

3. Посмотрите на образец письма и соедините цифры с соответствующими английскими названиями частей электронного письма

the heading of the email, opening sentence, the body of the email, addressee, conclusion, sender, Carbone copy (Cc), salutation, close, blind сarbone copy (Bcc), main part

NOTE: Все электронные письма можно разделить на две группы: деловые, официальные и личные, неофициальные. В зависимости от того, кому адресовано письмо (работодателю, начальнику, коллеге по бизнесу или другу, приятелю, хорошо знакомому коллеге по работе) выбираются соответствующие фразы и выражения. Изучите список фраз, которые используются в деловых и личных письмах.

*Mr - господин- госпожа (обращение к замужней женщине)- госпожа (обращение к женщине, семейное положение которой не имеет значения)

. Посмотрите на электронные письма и определите, какие из них являются официальными, а какие неофициальными. Почему?

. Для современных электронных писем характерны различные аббревиатуры и сокращения:

отдельные слова- appointment- advertisement

некоторые фразыthe mo - at the moment- in other words- by the way - for your information

. Посмотрите на приведенные примеры и расшифруйте сокращения.

1.  appt 2. asap 3. eg 4. etc 5. info 6. pls 7. wk 8. Mon 9. Fri 10. Apr 11. Dec 12. thx 13. CU 14.LOL 15. IMO

7. Напишите два электронных письма: деловое, официальное и личное, неофициальное. Тему выберете самостоятельно или используйте предложенные варианты

GLOSSARY

1. according to smth - согласно ч-либо

2. adopt a decree - принимать указ

3. approve a bill - одобрять законопроект

4. be in charge of smth/doing smth - возглавлять ч-либо, нести ответственность за ч-либо

5. bring charges against smb - выдвигать обвинения против к-либо

6. by means of smth - по средствам ч-либо, с помощью ч-либо

7. consider a law - рассматривать закон

8. cover the questions - охватывать вопросы

9. create legislation - создавать закон

10.define basic principles of the constitution - определять основные принципы конституции

11.enter a post - вступать в должность

12.establish the principle of independence, irremovability and immunity - устанавливать принцип независимости, несменяемости и неприкосновенности

13.functions of supervision and control - функции надзора и контроля

14.handle questions - решать вопросы

15.implement judicial power - осуществлять судебную власть

16.law-making body - законодательный орган

17.make amendments - вносить поправки

18.override the veto - отменять вето

19.pass a law - принять закон

20.reach a compromise - прийти к компромиссу

21.reject a bill -отклонять законопроект

22.rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen - права и свободы человека и гражданина

23.take an oath - принимать присягу

24.the principle of equality before law - принцип равенства перед законом

25.the supreme law - высший закон

26.vote on a draft law - голосовать по законопроекту

КРАТКИЙ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК

1. ТВЕРДЫЙ ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ

Для правильного перевода очень важно выяснить функцию английского слова и каким членом предложения оно является. Этому в значительной мере помогает так называемый твердый порядок слов английского предложения.

В отличие от русского языка в английском языке подлежащее, сказуемое, дополнение обычно стоят в строгой последовательности одно за другим, как бы являются «костяком» предложения ПСД (Подлежащее, Сказуемое, Дополнение). Обстоятельства, как правило, стоят до или после «костяка». Определение не имеет постоянного места в предложении и может находиться рядом с любым членом предложения, который требует определения.

Исходя из вышеизложенного, можем себе представить следующую схему расположения членов предложения в английском языке:

2. СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ

ПЕРЕВОДИТСЯ:

Положительная прилагательным, наречием

степень в положительной степени- сильный, -ая, -ое- поздно

для односложных

Сравнительная + er

степень прилагательным, наречием

для многосложных с суффиксом - ее

more + stronger - сильнее, later- позднее,

less more (less) useful - более (менее)

полезный

Превосходная + для односложных

степень + est

для многосложных прилагательным с суффиксом

(the) most + -ейший, наречием с суффиксом-ее + всего (всех)

(the) strongest - сильнейший,самый

сильный,(the) latest - позднее всего,

самый (наименее) + прилагательноеmost (least) useful - самый (на-

именее) полезный.

ГЛАГОЛ. ОСНОВНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА

to V V2f V3f V+ing

СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЕН ГЛАГОЛА

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1. Marcel Berlins, Clare Dyer. The Law Machine, London, Penguin books, Fifth Edition, 2000

. Geoffrey Rivlin. Understanding the Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Fourth Edition, 2006

. Richard Powell. Law Today. Longman Group UK Ltd.,1993

4. Электронные ресурсы:

http://www.worldlingo.com

’http://www.WestsEncyclopedia <> of American Law Answers.com

<http://www/>.Wikipedia.com://www.funquizcards.com

<http://www.gourt.com/>

<http://www.jobsearch.about.com/>

<http://www.legalcareers.about.com/>

<http://www.your-career-change.com/>

<http://www.wikihow.com/>

<http://www.career.vt.edu/>

<http://www.blgs.gov.hmt/>

<http://www.answers.com/> - энциклопедия

<http://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/dailylp/dailylp/dailylp081.shtml> - lesson plan “Crazy Laws: There Must Have Been a Good Reason?”

<http://loonylaws.com/> - Loony Laws (outrageous city ordinances and silly state statutes).

<http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/ConstIntro01.shtml> - President of Russia (official website). The Constitution of Russia.

<http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/legislative-branch> - the White House website.

<http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/> - UK Parliament website.

http://gup.narod.ru/laba3/Ponjatie/PonEmailn.htm#1 <http://gup.narod.ru/laba3/Ponjatie/PonEmailn.htm> - Понятие об электронной почте.

Rebecca Chapman. Oxford Business English. English for Emails. Express Series.