Formation in England
Education Department of
the Russian Federation
Perm Financial-Economic
College
State educational
institution’s branch of higher professional education “Financial academy under
the Russian Federation’s Government”
Report about the
«Formation in England»
Perm, 2009
1. Formation in England
All children,
who live in the United Kingdom, according to law, are obligated to learn and to
obtain formation. In England, Scotland and on Wales the period of required
instruction is designated from five of up to sixteen years. In North Ireland -
from four to sixteen. According to law, their parents bear responsibility for
visit by the children of the schools or other educational institutions. After
the performance of 16 years the instruction ceases to bear required nature, and
young people can select, according to their possibilities and aspirations,
further formation or to begin working activity. About 70% of young people of
Britain, which stepped over 16-year boundary, select further instruction,
continuing it either in the same school, where they learned in the previous
years or passing into the colleges. About 10% begin to work, and rest 20% is
selected obtaining working qualification on so-called government of training of
programs - special government programs of working preparation. In 1998-1999 in England and on Wales in these programs were begun to operate 285 thousand young people. In
Scotland 1999-2000- m the same programs covered 38400.
2.
System of management and financing of schools
For the
formation in Britain the government of the country answers. It achieves its
activity in this direction together with the following state institutes: By
department on the formation and the labor (Department of education and
Employment) in England; By national assembly (National of assembly) on Wales;
By department of formation and by the department.
Higher and
further education, preparation and employment (Department of education and Department
of higher and Further of education, Training and Employment) in North Ireland.
The public
schools of England and Wales are subordinate local to committees on formation.
The same system of management and financing of schools by the local educational
organs of authority exists and in Scotland, true, here is two schools of gossektora,
which are found on the self-guidance. In North Ireland of five committees on
formation they manage, lead and govern all subordinate by them by schools.
The system of
financing schools is achieved in Britain through the local authorities, which
distribute funds the dependence, mainly, on the number of students in one or
other school or another. Separately are separated budgets to the so-called
special programs, for example, for the support of information texnologies or
the development of procedures on the basis of an improvement in the teaching of
grammar and arithmetic.
In the
specific numbers of the means, isolated from the state budget to the
educational purposes, they appear as follows: 2000-2001- m in that connected Kingdom
for the formation it will be spent by 4,8% of GNP. In July 2000 the government
of the country declared about the fact that as a whole the expenditures for
formation in Britain will increase by 6,6% per year. This means that into the
period between 1999-2000 and 2003-2004 yr. they are achieved the order 58
billion of pounds sterling.
3.
Pre-school instruction
Although the
required instruction of children in the schools of Britain begins from the
five-year age (in North Ireland - from the four year old), it went in the
recent decades rapid development and the expansion of the sphere of pre-school
instruction, which made precisely this sphere of one of the most “undergone”
reform. The statistics of the familiarizing of British little-ones with the
schools in recent years speaks itself for itself: if into 1970 - 1971 only 20%
of children of 3-4- summer age they attended schools, then to 1999 - 2000 g. their number grew to 64 percent, i.e., it increased more than three. The fundamental idea of
the attraction of little-ones into the schools became concept about the fact
that to begin “official” instruction five-year children must not from zero, but
already having initial knowledge in the letter and the calculation. The
following purposes were specifically designated: to ensure to all children of
England and Wales, who reached age of four years, whose parents would want to
return them to the preparatory departments schools to the complete or
incomplete day, a similar possibility; to increase the percentage of the security
of three year children with the free by places in the establishments of
pre-school instruction and training to 34% by January 1997 and to 100% by 2004.
The program of pre-school instruction obtained solid financial injections.
Expenditures for it grew from 1 billion of pounds sterling into 1996 - 1997 to
1,6 billions into 2000 - 2001. To 2003 - 2004 g. the sum of assignments must reach 2 billions. In 1998 in Britain started the general national program, called to
accomplish aid in instruction and training of children at the age of up to 14
years, it is named “The Of national Of childcare Of strategy”, i.e., the
program national strategy of child care.
4.
Elementary schools
Required
instruction begins for the British children in so called of praymeri of schools,
i.e., in the elementary schools. First five-year children go into the Infant-
departments (children's subdivisions) of these schools, and at the age of seven
years they pass within the framework the same school into the junior-
departments, or into the individual junior- schools. At the age of 11 years the
children are transferred from praymeri in secondary of schools (i.e., from
elementary schools - to secondary schools). In Scotland law about compulsory
education stipulated, that the initial instruction is intended for the
children, who did not reach 12-year age. The elementary schools of Scotland are
organized to the classes of different steps depending on the age of students -
from the first class to the seventh. Thus, attending to 12 years in Scotland
the seventh class student still it remains in the elementary school. All
classes of the elementary schools of Scotland mixed - there learn both boys and
girls (in |Of England there is much Schools with separate training), are not
present allocation of classes or streams on progress or abilities of pupils
that is why all pupils with achievement of the certain age automatically are
translated in a class following on a serial number.
In Northern
Ireland after execution it starts to study in the child of four years in the
first class initial. Schools. Training at this school lasts seven years then in
the age of 11 years children are translated in high school. At will before
translation in high school.
The graduate
of an elementary school can pass special "translation" testing.
5.
Secondary schools
It is more
than 87% all studying state secondary schools in England and 100% of studying
state secondary schools of Wales attend so those called of comprehensive of
schools, which is transferred as average charter schools. In them on the
reaching by the students of 16 years concludes obtaining compulsory education.
In their overwhelming majority these schools assume students from the
elementary schools without the testing, without the characteristics and the
references to progress or behavior, providing thus possibility to all children,
who live in this region, obtaining compulsory secondary education. British
general education secondary schools in their majority bear no specialization in
the sciences studied by them. All objects are studied in each state secondary
school for one and the same program.
In Scotland
general education secondary schools also assume students on the general bases
without the selection. Then in North Ireland the secondary school it is
organized according to the principle of electivity depending on the quality of
knowledge and abilities of students. Successfully pasts testing on the English,
mathematics, chemistry and biology can be enrolled into gremmer of skulz
(grammar of schools) - so there are secondary schools for the gifted children,
which were preserved in North Ireland. Rest continue required instruction in
the usual average charter schools. Percentage of studying in the North of
Ireland, attending gremmer of school, in 1999-2000 it composed 40 from the
total number of students of secondary schools.
6.
Specialized schools
Special school
occupies inadmissibly modest place according to the thinking of present
reformers today in the system of secondary education. In England were by
September 2000 counted in all 530 special schools, which include 312 technical
colleges, 99 lingual colleges, 67 sport colleges even 57 colleges of skill.
Programs for the special schools appeared in England only very recently - in
1993. These programs provide for the intensified study of special objects together
with the study of the general education program of secondary schools. All these
schools are also state. Among the outlined reforms in the system of public
education, the specialization of schools is registered first and foremost. Half
of all charter schools of the country the Labor Government is intended to make
specialized, with the intensified study of one or several related objects. By
2006 7500 the schools, which train today according to the general routine, they
will become the specialized colleges, which prepare personnel for different
regions of British industry. The creation of the special schools of the
business, where they will prepare future owners, is provided, all this, in
addition within the framework of compulsory secondary education. In a word, the
present system of the state charter schools, which train the raznosposobnykh
and raznoodarennykh children according to one and the same levelling individual
program, it will undergo radical reconstruction: abilities and inclinations of
student will be set as the chief concern free compulsory education.
7.
Private schools
The private
schools of Britain are officially named schools independent (Independent of
schools). This means that they are independent from the budget and are financed
from other sources, koimi in the majority of the cases are the pays, the
parents of students or by voluntary particular sponsors. According to statute,
the Independent (they pablik) of school is right to train five and more than
students at the age, stipulated by law about compulsory education. Similar
schools must be registered in the appropriate government department. They are
subject to checkings from the side of inspections. In the United Kingdom there
are today approximately 2400 private schools, in which are trained 600000
children and adolescents, which comprises 7% of the total number of students of
the country. These schools are subdivided into the so-called fundamental
schools (Foundation of schools), community- school (Community of schools) and
voluntary (Voluntary of schools). About seven thousand community- and voluntary
schools they bear religious nature.
Private
schools are led by their own control elements, which consist of the school
personnel, the parents of students and representatives of local of community.
According to positions about the private schools, the leading organ of a
similar school must together with the representatives of church, the director
of school and by local educational authorities coordinate rules and conditions
of method into the school, taking into account the regulation, developed in
1999.
All private
schools are formally opened for the representatives of any religions. However,
in practice the large part of the children from Catholic families they learn to
the schools, supported by Catholic Church.
The private
schools of Britain can be mixed and unisexual (that there is only for the
girls, only for the boys), they can be also urban and out-of-town, specialized
and general profile, by preparatory (for the children from 7 to 13 years) and
the highest step (from 14 to 18), internatnogo type and only day instruction.
In the boarding schools, or, as them call, boarding of schools, which in
Britain it is counted today into 800, are trained 80 thousand children, which
is altogether only one percent of the total number of British schoolboys. Of 7%
of studying quotients stake is formed half of all students of British
universities. 9 of 10 graduates of private schools obtain the desired
university start in life. The difference in the educational standards of the
state and independent from the state private school clearly demonstrates the
following the number: 11-year age examinations for the preparatory or initial
classes successfully pass 90% of studying private schools and only 62% of the
schools of state. However, that. however, is determined difference? First of
all where stronger materiel of rich private schools, is thoroughly the exacting
select sionirovannyy teaching staff, and also difference in school programs.
Indeed, besides the financial independence from the state, private schools are
independent also in their educational programs, these programs, in contrast to
the public schools, do not get down directive on top, but they are developed on
the spot, taking into account the special features of this concrete educational
institution. In the solid private schools is as a rule, studied considerably
more objects, than in the schools of state. Here usually study Greek and Latin,
history, skill and religion, classical civilizations and contemporary foreign
languages, exact science and applied skill, music, dramaturgy and information
texnologies. So in the renowned Itonskiy college mathematics and Latin,
earliest history and information texnologies teach in the upper classes at the
level of the requirements of Cambridge university. One of the laths of famous
Radli of cheek-bones - so to ensure all graduates - the knowledge of
information texnologies at the level of the requirements of Cambridge. And this
by no means utopia, and accessible reality: to sufficiently say which to 600
students Of radli is necessary 110 computers with the output in Internet. In
the same school it is found by one of the richest libraries of Britain through
the meeting of classical literature. High(ly)-class artistic workshops, where
are mastered almost all conceivable applied skills, here exist. Also here there
are the remarkable design studios, equipped with [v] to the last word of
technology. Finally - here there is everything that it is necessary to adolescents
for the physical development - gymnastic hall and stadium, several swimming
pools, 20 tennis Korts, golf course and its own stable with its own kennel in
order to train for the dear national sport of Englishmen - hunting. So, if not
more, are luxurious the material bases of other renowned private schools - such
as Eaton, To kherrou… As it is not difficult to surmise, to public schools to
be pulled with them is not easy. However, besides all those enumerated above,
advantages of quotient over the quotient state in school there is one
additional privilege - to carry out the selective selection students, i.e., to
enroll in the numbers of its students bright, capable and gifted. Reason,
private schools to private schools dissension, but in this case the speech of
idet about strong and serious of them. But how does occur the selection of
students into most prestigious of public of schools in Britan? For example in
order to fall in Eaton - to it is more accurate say in order to obtain chance
into it to fall - it is necessary to be written down into this school after… 10
years forward - i.e., at the age of three years. Moreover this at the worst.
However, it is betterIn total to enter the name since a birth. The list of
competitors is huge, and "waiting list" guarantees nothing. To find
those who is capable to think and think, think non-standard and creatively. In
a word, it is necessary high IQ. If testing reveals its presence then the
competitor is waited with the invitation to the final test which takes place in
two years.
The test also
is passed successfully, and the testimonial from of the principal where before
the student was trained, is quite positive, then and only then a desired gate
of Eton will affably swing open also thirteen-четырнадцатилетний intellectual will dress a student's
cloak. From 250 annual graduates of Eton all 250 act in universities. Yes in
what! In the most prestigious American, in the most famous European and,
certainly, in the majority - in glorified domestic: Oxford, Cambridge and University
of London (differently the London university).
8.
SEN - school for the child- invalids and for the laggards in the studies
In January 2000 in England and on Wales of 1.71 mln. studying schools they were qualified as being studied with
the special educational requirements (special of educational of needs- SEN)).
To it is so accepted name in England those children, who experience special
difficulties in the studies in the comparison with the majority of their
contemporaries, including because of the problems with the health, and also
various deviations in the development. 60% of students this category instruction
to basic schools is passed; however, to these children is manifested special
attention, they are right to design for additional aid from the side of
instructors and for the special procedure of instruction. To public schools is
prescribed the need of developing the special “policy” for the children of SEN.
For them it is also necessary to inform about this policy of students and their
parents.
40% OF SEN are
trained in special school, intended for a similar contingent.
Solution about
the need for the determination child into the special school it is right to
carry out the local organs of formation. However, if parents are not agreeable
with the similar solution or with the selection for their child of this
concrete school, they right to be handled the appeal of the solution in SEN -
tribunal, which is occupied by the study of similar problems. The verdict of
this tribunal is considered final in resolution of debatable questions
concerning that, where and as will be trained child with the special
educational requirements.
In 1998
government promulgated activity plan for the purpose to improve formation
conditions and to create maximally advantageous conditions for the studies in
schools and VUZ (Institute of Higher Education), and also for further career of
those, who pass on the category SEN. For the implementation of this program
were isolated 35 mln. of pounds sterling in 1999 - 2000 yr. and 20 mln. in 2000
- 2001 g. in addition to of 1900 of the usual charter schools of England obtained
in last two years 30 mln. pounds in order to create the improved conditions for
the studies child- invalids and children with the weakened sight, the rumor and
the disrupted speech.
9.
Training program in the schools
The objects,
taught to the students of British public schools at the age from 5 to 16 years,
at basis their are determined by general national school program. This program
is subdivided into 4 key stages. First stage (stage 1) - for the studying at
the age 5-7 years (1 2- e classes); the second stage (stage 2) - for the
students of 7-11 years (3-6- e classes); the third stage (stage 3) - for
studying at the age 11-14 years (7-9- e classes); the fourth stage (stage 4) -
for the students of 14-16 years (10-11- e classes). The objects, which are
considered basic, teach for each of four stages: English and literature (on
Wales - also Welsh language), mathematics, the objects of the natural science
(they they are united in Britain in the united object, named Science and
including biology, chemistry, physics), technology, gymnastics and religion.
History, geography, depictive skill and the music they are the required
objects, included in the early stages of school program. Foreign language
appears in the school timetable at stages 3 and 4. An essential difference in
the school of British from the school Russian is the presence in its program
besides the objects, required for the study, also those disciplines, which are
selected by students according to their interests and inclinations. All public
schools are obligated to ensure the possibility to study religion with student.
Local organs formations bear responsibility for the development of these
programs for the subordinate by it schools. In the programs of religious
formation must be present the study of Christianity, but also other basic
religions, which confess the citizens living in the territory of the United
Kingdom. Nevertheless the study of religion is not required, and at will
parents their children can be freed from the visit of these lessons. In the
state charter schools it is provided the sexual formation for all students,
within the framework which they are studied besides other disease, transferred
through sex. Special attention is paid in this case to AIDS. Parents are right
to require so that their children would be freed from the study of objects on
the sexual formation - with exception of those, which bear required nature.
10.
GSCE, or certificate about completion of secondary school
The
certificate, which testifies about obtaining of compulsory education, it is in
England and on Wales so-called GSCE - General Of certificate of Of secondary Of
education. For obtaining this certificate, or in English, certificate, with the
reaching by the students of 16 years and the end of 11 classes of charter
school, it is necessary to return final examinations. The special qualification
committees deal with the development of examination programs (Qualification and
Curriculum Of authority), that are appeared are independent by the government
agencies. The ministry of formation of the country asserts these programs.
In the case of
the unsuccessful delivery of examinations the student is right in year to
retake them. For those, who will intend to retake examinations, school provides
for special annual course - he so he is called: the course of preparation for peresdachi
of examinations GSCE.
After
returning examinations on GSCE and after obtaining certificate about the
completion of required instruction, to leave school to 16-year youth or to the
girl it is not necessary. At will being studied, successfully returned
examinations on GSCE, it can continue instruction all in the same general
education public school in order, after passing its highest steps, to return
the examinations, which open to it university education, or to reach the
specific professional preparation. Obtaining certificate about the completion
compulsory education (GSCE) right to the entering into the higher educational
institution does not ensure. In order to obtain this right, it is must to
return the examinations of another level, so-called level “A” (A -levels) on
several objects (as a rule, on two-three). The study of these objects is passed
to the classes of the highest step of charter school or in the college. These
classes are named the 12th and 13th classes. At the end the 12th class students
pass intermediate examinations A -levels on the studied objects. At the end of the
13th class are surrendered the examinations exhaust, they entrance. Thus, the
classes of level “A”, or A -levels, they are “highest echelon of school
instruction” with the preparation in the university.
11.
Quarry -edvayzer in the schools of England
There is in
the British schools the official, to the method to whom the students of upper
exhaust classes come so frequently, that now and then in its office is built
the turn. Who this? Already not school whether doctor? By no means. These are -
adviser on the selection of future profession, on job placement after school,
consultant on all questions, which are concerned further studies, the supply of
statements in VUZ (Institute of Higher Education) or college. This is school
careers of adviser. With its aid the students obtain the information about
which order of the supply of statements in VUZ, such as objects it is desirable
to select for the study on the level “A” in order to enter one or other
department or another of university, they learn about their rights to obtaining
of financial loan for continuing the studies or about the procedure of job
placement. Hundreds of questions disturb in the period of determination “whom
to be” 16-18- summer students. And their first teacher by this method - school
quarry -edvayzer. The presence of this organic unit in the school is provide
ford with statute about the fact that all students of British schools must have
the possibility to obtain information, councils and manuals relative to their
future career - i.e., of further studies and professional selection. In
accordance with the recent solutions, all schools must include in training
program for the classes being studied 9-11- X program on the professional
orientation.
12.
Enrollment into VUZ (Institute of Higher Education)
Entrance
examinations in British VUZ there does not exist. In the year before the
namechennogo entering, concluding the last class of school, which is studied
will be given statement in the higher educational institution. Moreover not
into one, but immediately into six. Of course in one and the same selected
specialty. After examining all characteristics of candidate, sent both by it
personally, and its school, after studying the results of intermediate school
examinations, universities make decision about that, there will be they to
invite this competitor to the studies or not. In the case of the negative
solution the competitor of place obtains information about the failure. In the
case of the positive solution - so-called [offer] (proposal of place). [Offer]
can be both the conditional and bezuslovnym. Bezuslovnyy indicates,
independently of the results of final examinations in the school to candidate
is already provide ford place at this university. Conditional proposal implies
that the candidate will be accepted, if he collects on the school examinations
the required quantity of marks.
But how,
however, and why to enter immediately into six universities? To time it meetsya,
to be trained immediately in six is by no means impossible. System six
statements only allows the possibility of wider selection - both for the future
students and for the universities. Each university will find student, who
corresponds to his requirements, and each student will obtain the university,
which he deserves. However, how much offerov not obtained the candidate didate (it
may happen that it does not obtain not one), not long before the final
examinations in the school it will have to make the final decision: to name one
of its invited universities by its “solid selection” and one more - “by
fallback position”, and all the remaining proposals (if they, certainly, were)
- to deflect. If candidate will collect the quantity of marks, which
corresponds to the requirements of his university “solid selection”, then in it
he will be enrolled automatically. If marks it proves to be sufficiently as
soon as for “alternate”, it means in it to it and it is in prospect it learns.
In the case of the shortage of marks not into one of the universities the
candidate can traverse the special system of the search for places at those
universities, which were short changed the necessary number of students, and to
fill the existing in them vacancy. By accurately such means will search for to
himself place that competitor, who did not obtain invitations generally. But if
and in this search candidate proves to be outboard, he has the right to retake
school examinations and to attempt to enter university for the following year.
In the student enrolled into VUZ (Institute of Higher Education) the so-called
year of leave is the right to take: this means to reserve that isolated to it
place and to approach to studies year later. This right use today many
students, trying in its tempering year to earn extra money to the forthcoming
studies.
13.
Universities in Britain
The remarkable
world record belongs on the part of higher education of Britain: in this
country per capita of population comes the largest number of universities. But
how much precisely VUZ (Institute of Higher Education) are counted in this
university country? Eighty seven. Plus to this of 64 VUZ of neuniversitetskogo
profile. Concept “college” often introduces a certain confusion into
understanding of British educational system, therefore as by college it is
accepted to name and charter schools (of Eaton's type), which are not been VUZ,
and VUZ as such. In this case, college- VUZ can exist independently, and it can
come out as the component part of the university. Thus, of several colleges and
schools consists one of the most prestigious universities of Britain -
university. They heard many about the renowned London school of the economy and
political sciences or about the Imperial- college, but not many know that also
the first and the second are the component parts London university, which is
used for them as base and administrative center. Student, who is successfully
trained in one of the colleges or the schools LU (University of Of london), can
select “floating” method of instruction, i.e., the part of the course study one
college, and part - in other.
Thus, there is
neither in Cambridge nor in Oxford united “geographical” concept - university
in the sense of our university town or separate building. For example,
Cambridge university consists of 23 autonomous colleges. And therefore graduate
usually speaks that he it graduated from not Cambridge university, but, let us
say, Kingz or the Trinity (they are intended colleges with a similar name). The
universities of Cambridge and Oxford exist with XIII of century, being the
citadel of the traditions of classical formation. Students, professors to this
day haughty bear the ancient (in the sense of style) mantles, which stagger the
imagination of the staring on them foreign tourists. In Britain there is a
solid persuasion: good university - old university. Therefore the diplomas “of
novices” - those VUZ (Institute of Higher Education), that, was obtained
university status recently, are evaluated as less prestigious and less solid.
It is numerous old and even ancient universities in Britain: for example, holy
Andrews's university, in whom from the autumn will begin to learn crown prince
William, this university was laid in THE XV century. The universities of the
Scottish cities of Glasgow and Aberdeen are also its contemporaries, and to the
capital university of Scotland - to the university of Edinburgh - to one
century it is less. For this very reason the diplomas of data of universities
were always and to this day they remain in the price. However, in essence the
universities of Britain were based in THE XIX - beginning of the 20th century.
The significant number of new universities they appeared in the 60's now
narrower than last century. And the universities of last wave entirely already
became novices, appeared on the map of higher education of Britain in 1992,
when it was decided to appropriate status of universities that been to
polytechnic institutes. In the university rating, which is yearly conducted in
Britain, former [politekhi] are separated into the special category “new universities”
and they compete for the title of the best precisely in this” group dependent
on age. Among the latter it is numerous very promising VUZ, which had time
literally after several years to show its highest (frequently not less, but
even higher, than in old universities) potentials. There is in university
system in Britain and one additional specific character: instruction in
university it is divided into the courses of first stage (undergraduate) and
the courses of the following step (postgraduate). Of course first step last, as
a rule three years, sometimes four, and in the medical departments - five or
six, after which graduate obtains the degree of baccalaureate on the object
studied by it, for example: the baccalaureate of skills, the baccalaureate of
jurisprudence, the baccalaureate of natural sciences and so forth Approximately
third of those, who passed first university stage, after obtaining
baccalaureate, they continue instruction the courses of the highest step:
postgraduate. The duration of course is as a rule, two or three years. The
degree of master or doctor is appropriated at the end. This degree indicates
higher qualification in the selected profession and respectively are opened
greater possibilities for the career.
14.
State financing of formation at the universities
Material
difficulties experience, however, not some academicians alone, but, first of
all, British students. Studies at the university always required of the local
student of the investment of the means: it is necessary to very to pay for the
dwelling (university it can, as a rule, grant paid hostels, or it is possible
to very to remove room in the private sector), for the teaching aids, to ensure
itself with subsistence and so on and so forth. However, after studies as such until
recently for British citizen to, fortunately pay it was not necessary (from the
foreign students pay traditionally it was collected and it is collected, in
this case each university it has its valuations). However, beginning from
1998-1999 academic years in British it was introduced the yearly pay for the
instruction, which is approximately one thousand of pounds sterling. For the
student budget the innovation proved to be the present impact: in the
subsequent two years the number of statements in the British VUZ (Institute of
Higher Education) sharply it was reduced. The wave of the student strikes,
which require the cancellation of pay for the instruction, gave a ride on the
British universities. Scotland by the decision of its parliament soon abolished
pay for the universities, after making thus its educational institutions most
attractive: today they lead in the number of statements coming in them from
high school seniors of all corners of Great Britain. In the opinion the union
of the students of Britain, the state financing of university education is
clear it is insufficient. Today each fifth student throws studies in the first
courses because of the shortage of means. Pay for the instruction for all is
required and no whether in this rule of exceptions. Exceptions nevertheless are
located: those are freed from the payment students, income in whose families is
located below the specific minimum. The local organs of formation can isolate
the money assistance, named by Grant, to the financial requiring themselves
students or student- invalids. Grant's size is determined on to individual
basis. For the outstanding studies the student can be awarded by allowance.
Finally, as the third version of financial support can serve the special
student loan, size and conditions of delivering which are determined by the
company of student loans (Student Of loans Of company). The return of loans
will be produced already after the completion of studies from the wage of young
specialist. In this case, according to the conditions of the student loans,
determined by government, to pay out loan the graduate of VUZ (Institute of
Higher Education) it will begin only after that. as its annual earnings will
exceed number into 10 thousand of pounds sterling. But if for some reasons wage
descends below this mark, the payment of loan will be stopped. In the opinion
students, the payment of student loan is very heavy burden for the young
specialists, and therefore requirement to abolish pay for the university
instruction remains the main slogan of the day of British students.
15.
Instruction in length into the life
In 1998 the
British ministry of formation developed and affirmed strategic program, named
lifelong of learning, then in the instructions during entire life. This program
is provided for the development of such forms of the instructions, which would
allow to sit down at the desk people of any age and any educational level with
the fact, to strengthen their knowledge, to master new professional habits or
to obtain elementary literacy, if in view of the specific circumstances it was
impossible to make this in the school age (speech in this case it goes, as a
rule, about the immigrants from the Third World Countries). Instruction for the
adult is conducted in Britain in essence in so called the centers of
instruction and in the special colleges, which are found in local educational
in the activity similar of instruction, as a rule, with the active the
participation different voluntary and public organizations, such, as the
association of the instruction of workers. Special courses for the adult can be
present so, also, in the number of universities. To the organizations, which
correspond for the development of strategy of formation for the adult the
national institute of the continued formation for the adult and the agency
relate Base training.
Curriculums
for adults often offer following programs: foreign languages, physical preparation
and sports; a various sort of needlework and applied skill; computer
technologies.
About 1,1
million adults are trained today in England and on the Wales on various sorts
rates in the educational centers and colleges.